Childhood nourishment vs. adult obesity

Otyłość jest jedną z najczęściej występujących chorób cywilizacyjnych. W rezultacie, na szeroką skalę, niesie za sobą ogromne zniszczenia w organizmie ludzkim przyczyniając się do powstawania takich chorób jak: nadciśnienie tętnicze, cukrzyca, miażdżyca i wiele innych. Są one przyczynami częstego pogorszenia komfortu życia, a nierzadko także przedwczesnej śmierci. Otyłość jest najbardziej powszechna w krajach rozwiniętych, gdzie ludność miejscowa nie cierpi z powodu niedostatku żywności. Wysoki po-ziom stopy życiowej nie warunkuje jednak automatycznie dużej ilości ludzi otyłych. Występowaniu otyłości sprzyja bowiem szereg uwarunkowań i właśnie tym czynnikom poświęcone jest opracowanie. Autorzy szczególną uwagę zwracają na zwyczaje żywieniowe nabyte we wczesnym okresie życia i późniejsze problemy z wagą w wieku dorosłym.Obesity is one of the most common modern-age diseases. As a result, it widely brings about massive destructive impacts to human organism, contributing to the illnesses such as: arterial hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and many others. They often inter-fere with the quality of life and their leading to premature death is not uncommon whatsoever. Obesity is most common is well-developed countries, where the locals do not suffer from the shortage of food. High living standards are not synonymous with numerous obese people, though. The occurrence of obesity is caused by many determinants and this paper is devoted to those factors specifically. The authors pay special attention to dietary habits early on in life and subsequent weight-related problems of adult life

20 Typ z przewagą limfocytów ziarnicy złośliwej: Czy wymaga odmiennego leczenia?

WstępTyp z przewagą limfocytów ziarnicy złośliwej (LP-HD) jest wyróżniany jako odrębna postać histokliniczna. Ponadto wykazuje się duże morfologiczne podobieństwo do chłoniaka nieziarniczego z limfocytów B, który w rozpoznaniach LP-HD LP-HD może stanowić do 10%. Celem pracy jest ocena przebiegu klinicznego i wyniki leczenia chorych na LP-HD.MateriałW Krakowskim Centrum Onkologii w latach 1987–1996 leczono 53 chorych z rozpoznaniem LP-HD, 14 kobiet i 39 mężczyzn (M:K – 2,8:1). Wiek chorych wahał się od 14 do 73 lat, mediana 39 lat. W stopniu zaawansowania I+II było 31 chorych (58,5%), III+IV 22 chorych (41,5%). Objawy B stwierdzono u 13/53 chorych (24,5%), X 10/53 chorych (18,8%), E u 2/53 chorych (3,8%). U 2/31 chorych (6,5%) proces był zlokalizowany w układzie chłonnym przedprzeponowym. W grupie I+II, 1 chory był leczony wyłącznie chemicznie (CHT), 22 chorych leczono wyłącznie CHT, 3 chorych RT i 10 chorych CHT+RT. Czas obserwacji waha się od 16 do 132 miesięcy (mediana 66 miesięcy).WynikiW całej grupie uzyskano 78% 5 – letnich i 71% 10 – letnich przeżyć, w grupie I+II odpowiednio 90% i 78%. W grupie III+IV 5 i 10 – letnie przeżycia wyniosły 62%. Całkowitą regresję po I rzucie leczenia uzyskano u 100% chorych w grupie I+II 4/5 wznów (80%) stwierdzono w układzie chłonnym przedprzeponowym. Czas wystąpienia wznowy wahał się od 14 do 712 miesięcy (mediana 41 miesięcy). U jednego chorego stwierdzono transformację typu LP w LD.U 3/53 chorych (5,6%) stwierdzono w kontroli chłoniaka nieziarniczego (MALT żołądka, nieokreślony chłoniak o wysokim stopniu złośliwości, chłoniak z limfocytów T) w okresie od 13 do 35 miesięcy (mediana 28 miesięcy). W grupie III+IV przeżycie 5 – letnie wyniosło 69% u chorych leczonych CHT i 32% leczonych wyłącznie RT (p = 0,3).Wnioski1.Wyniki leczenia chorych na LP-HD w naszym materiale nie odbiegają od wyników leczenia chorych na klasyczną postać ziarnicy. Ograniczenie zakresu RT w grupie I+II i CHT w grupie III+IV może mieć wpły na pogorszenie wyników leczenia.2.Mimo odrębności morfologicznych typ LP-HD powinien być leczony jak klasyczna postać ziarnicy złośliwej

Orexins/Hypocretins Acting at Gi Protein-Coupled OX2 Receptors Inhibit Cyclic AMP Synthesis in the Primary Neuronal Cultures

Orexins A and B are newly discovered neuropeptides with pleiotropic activity. They signal through two G protein-coupled receptors: OX1 and OX2. In this study, we examined the expression of orexin receptors and effects of the receptors’ activation on cyclic AMP formation in the primary neuronal cell cultures from rat cerebral cortex. Both types of orexin receptors were expressed in rat cortical neurons; the level of OX2R was markedly higher compared to OX1R. Orexin A (an agonist of OX1R and OX2R) and [Ala11-D-Leu15]orexin B (a selective agonist of OX2R) did not affect basal cyclic AMP formation in the primary neuronal cell cultures. Both peptides (0.001–1 μM) inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner and IC50 values in low nanomolar range, the increase in the nucleotide production evoked by forskolin (1 μM; a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP27; 0.1 μM), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 3 μM). Effects of orexin A on forskolin-, PACAP27-, and VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis were blocked by TCS OX2 29 (a selective antagonist of OX2R), and unaffected by SB 408124 (a selective antagonist of OX1R). Pretreatment of neuronal cell cultures with pertussis toxin (PTX) abolished the inhibitory action of orexin A on forskolin- and PACAP-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. It is suggested that in cultured rat cortical neurons orexins, acting at OX2 receptors coupled to PTX-sensitive Gi protein, inhibit cyclic AMP synthesis

Ovaries of Tubificinae (Clitellata, Naididae) resemble ovary cords found in Hirudinea (Clitellata)

The ultrastructure of the ovaries and oogenesis was studied in three species of three genera of Tubificinae. The paired ovaries are small, conically shaped structures, connected to the intersegmental septum between segments X and XI by their narrow end. The ovaries are composed of syncytial cysts of germ cells interconnected by stable cytoplasmic bridges (ring canals) and surrounded by follicular cells. The architecture of the germ-line cysts is exactly the same as in all clitellate annelids studied to date, i.e. each cell in a cyst has only one ring canal connecting it to the central, anuclear cytoplasmic mass, the cytophore. The ovaries found in all of the species studied seem to be meroistic, i.e. the ultimate fate of germ cells within a cyst is different, and the majority of cells withdraw from meiosis and become nurse cells; the rest continue meiosis, gather macromolecules, cell organelles and storage material, and become oocytes. The ovaries are polarized; their narrow end contains mitotically dividing oogonia and germ cells entering the meiosis prophase; whereas within the middle and basal parts, nurse cells, a prominent cytophore and growing oocytes occur. During late previtellogenesis/early vitellogenesis, the oocytes detach from the cytophore and float in the coelom; they are usually enveloped by the peritoneal epithelium and associated with blood vessels. Generally, the organization of ovaries in all of the Tubificinae species studied resembles the polarized ovary cords found within the ovisacs of some Euhirudinea. The organization of ovaries and the course of oogenesis between the genera studied and other clitellate annelids are compared. Finally, it is suggested that germ-line cysts formation and the meroistic mode of oogenesis may be a primary character for all Clitellata

Research priorities for freshwater mussel conservation assessment

Freshwater mussels are declining globally, and effective conservation requires prioritizing research and actions to identify and mitigate threats impacting mussel species. Conservation priorities vary widely, ranging from preventing imminent extinction to maintaining abundant populations. Here, we develop a portfolio of priority research topics for freshwater mussel conservation assessment. To address these topics, we group research priorities into two categories: intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are indicators of organismal or population status, while extrinsic factors encompass environmental variables and threats. An understanding of intrinsic factors is useful in monitoring, and of extrinsic factors are important to understand ongoing and potential impacts on conservation status. This dual approach can guide conservation status assessments prior to the establishment of priority species and implementation of conservation management actions.NF-R was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship (Xunta de Galicia Plan I2C 2017-2020, 09.40.561B.444.0) from the government of the autonomous community of Galicia. BY was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (no. 0409-2016-0022). DLS was supported by the G. E. Hutchinson Chair at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. AO was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (no. 17-44-290016). SV was funded by European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI- Operacional Competitiveness and Internacionalization Programme, under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013. NF-R is very grateful to the University of Oklahoma Biological Survey for providing space to work in the U.S. and especially to Vaughn Lab members. Authors are very grateful to Akimasa Hattori, Allan K. Smith, Andrew Roberts, Daniel Graf, David Stagliano, David T. Zanatta, Dirk Van Damme, Ekaterina Konopleva, Emilie Blevins, Ethan Nedeau, Frankie Thielen, Gregory Cope, Heinrich Vicentini, Hugh Jones, Htilya Sereflisan, Ilya Vikhrev, John Pfeiffer, Karen Mock, Mary Seddon, Katharina Stockl, Katarzyna Zajac, Kengo Ito, Marie Capoulade, Marko Kangas, Michael Lange, Mike Davis, Pirkko-Liisa Luhta, Sarina Jepsen, Somsak Panha, Stephen McMurray, G. Thomas Watters, Wendell R. Haag, and Yoko Inui for their valuable contribution in the initial selection and description of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We also wish to thank Dr. Amanda Bates, Chase Smith, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

Integrative phylogenetic, phylogeographic and morphological characterisation of the Unio crassus species complex reveals cryptic diversity with important conservation implications

The global decline of freshwater mussels and their crucial ecological services highlight the need to understand their phylogeny, phylogeography and patterns of genetic diversity to guide conservation efforts. Such knowledge is urgently needed for Unio crassus, a highly imperilled species originally widespread throughout Europe and southwest Asia. Recent studies have resurrected several species from synonymy based on mitochondrial data, revealing U. crassus to be a complex of cryptic species. To address long-standing taxonomic uncertainties hindering effective conservation, we integrate morphometric, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic analyses to examine species diversity within the U. crassus complex across its entire range. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (815 specimens from 182 populations) and, for selected specimens, whole mitogenome sequences and Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) data on ∼ 600 nuclear loci. Mito-nuclear discordance was detected, consistent with mitochondrial DNA gene flow between some species during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Fossil-calibrated phylogenies based on AHE data support a Mediterranean origin for the U. crassus complex in the Early Miocene. The results of our integrative approach support 12 species in the group: the previously recognised Unio bruguierianus, Unio carneus, Unio crassus, Unio damascensis, Unio ionicus, Unio sesirmensis, and Unio tumidiformis, and the reinstatement of five nominal taxa: Unio desectus stat. rev., Unio gontierii stat. rev., Unio mardinensis stat. rev., Unio nanus stat. rev., and Unio vicarius stat. rev. Morphometric analyses of shell contours reveal important morphospace overlaps among these species, highlighting cryptic, but geographically structured, diversity. The distribution, taxonomy, phylogeography, and conservation of each species are succinctly described.We thank Ana-Maria Benedek, Monica Sîrbu and Jouni Leinikki for their assistance with the fieldwork, and to Jeroen Goud, Sankurie Pye, Fiona Ware, Emily Mitchell, and Aleksandra Skawina for their assistance with the taxonomic investigation. We would also like to thank the editor, Dr. Guillermo Ortí, and two anonymous reviewers for their time and effort in reviewing our manuscript and for their insightful comments and valuable improvements to our work. This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18239: CONFREMU - Conservation of freshwater mussels: a pan-European approach, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), including STSMs, the interaction of the authors and the writing of the paper. This work was supported by the project ConBiomics: The Missing Approach for the Conservation of Freshwater Bivalves Project No. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030286, co-financed by FEDER through POCI and by FCT - Fundaç˜ao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia, through national funds. Strategic funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 was provided by FCT. FCT also supported DVG (2020.03848.CEECIND), EF (CEECINST/00027/ 2021/CP2789/CT0003) and MLL (2020.03608.CEECIND). INB, AVK and IVV were supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grants (19-14-00066-P), (21-17-00126) and (21-74-10130) respectively. BVB acknowledges the bioinformatics platform of UMR 8198 for the computing resources to perform time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses; this platform is in part funded by CPER research project CLIMIBIO through the French Minist`ere de l’Enseignement Sup´erieur et de la Recherche, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) and the region Hauts-de-France (HdF). Support to KD came from the Czech Science Foundation (19–05510S). TT and MT were supported by the National Science Fund of Bulgaria under the project ‘Conservation of freshwater mussels on the Balkan Peninsula’ (KP-06-COST-9/20.07.2022). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio