Novel method for measuring induction rates

This paper introduces a new technique for measuring induction ratios for different nozzle and combined flow geometries. The measurement technique only requires a single point velocity measurement in the secondary air inflow and a static pressure measurement in the primary air chamber. The design if the device allows the induction ratio to be determined for different primary air nozzle arrangements with different geometries for combined air discharge outlets. Experimentally measured data is compared with theoretical values. Four different sized circular nozzles with different outlet geometries were used to supply primary air into the device. The outlet geometries consisted of circular, slot and a rectangular shape. The results showed that the outlet geometry has very little or no effect on the induction ratio. The most important parameter in the induction ratio is the area ratio of the nozzle and the outlet

CFD validation of the thermal comfort in a room using draft rates

Air temperature and velocity are the two main factors affecting the thermal comfort indoors. These two values can be easily obtained using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations together with the turbulence kinetic energy value. This paper evaluates methods of calculating thermal comfort indices using CFD. Simulated results are compared against experimental data measured in a purpose build full-scale model room. The results show that CFD data can reliably predict thermal comfort values

Chaucer\u27s use of figures of comparison in the canterbury tales

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the unity of style and imagery in the Canterbury Tales. It attempts to prove that Chaucer emplys three figures of comparison - simile, imago, and metaphor - in a consistent manner throughout the work to suit the narrative purpose of each tale and the preponderance of natural imagery in the comparisons provides a connecting link among the various tales, prologues, and epilogues

Where do "red and dead" early-type void galaxies come from?

Void regions of the Universe offer a special environment for studying cosmology and galaxy formation, which may expose weaknesses in our understanding of these phenomena. Although galaxies in voids are observed to be predominately gas rich, star forming and blue, a sub-population of bright red void galaxies can also be found, whose star formation was shut down long ago. Are the same processes that quench star formation in denser regions of the Universe also at work in voids? We compare the luminosity function of void galaxies in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, to those from a galaxy formation model built on the Millennium Simulation. We show that a global star formation suppression mechanism in the form of low luminosity "radio mode" AGN heating is sufficient to reproduce the observed population of void early-types. Radio mode heating is environment independent other than its dependence on dark matter halo mass, where, above a critical mass threshold of approximately M_vir~10^12.5 M_sun, gas cooling onto the galaxy is suppressed and star formation subsequently fades. In the Millennium Simulation, the void halo mass function is shifted with respect to denser environments, but still maintains a high mass tail above this critical threshold. In such void halos, radio mode heating remains efficient and red galaxies are found; collectively these galaxies match the observed space density without any modification to the model. Consequently, galaxies living in vastly different large-scale environments but hosted by halos of similar mass are predicted to have similar properties, consistent with observations.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted MNRA

Mucosal Immunization with a \u3cem\u3eStaphylococcus aureus\u3c/em\u3e IsdA-Cholera Toxin A\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e/B Chimera Induces Antigen-Specific Th2-Type Responses in Mice

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of opportunistic infection worldwide and a significant public health threat. The iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) adhesin is essential for S. aureus colonization on human nasal epithelial cells and plays an important role in iron acquisition and resistance to human skin defenses. Here we investigated the murine immune response to intranasal administration of a cholera toxin (CT) A2/B chimera containing IsdA. Plasmids were constructed to express the IsdA-CTA2/B chimera and control proteins in E. coli. Proper construction of the chimera was verified by SDS-PAGE, western blot, GM1 ELISA, and confocal microscopy. Groups of female BALB/c mice were immunized with IsdA-CTA2/B, IsdA mixed with CTA2/B, IsdA alone, or mock, followed by one booster immunization 10 days post-priming. Analysis of serum IgG and nasal, intestinal, and vaginal IgA suggested that mucosal immunization with IsdA-CTA2/B induces significant IsdA-specific humoral immunity. Functional in vitro assays revealed that α-IsdA immune serum significantly blocks the adherence of S. aureus to human epithelial cells. Splenocytes from mice immunized with IsdA-CTA2/B showed specific cellular proliferation and production of IL-4 after in vitro stimulation. Immunization with IsdA-CTA2/B drove isotype switching to IgG1, indicative of a Th2-type response. Our results suggest that the immunogenicity of the S. aureus IsdA-CTA2/B chimera merits further investigation as a potential mucosal vaccine candidate

The cosmology dependence of weak lensing cluster counts

We present the main results of a numerical study of weak lensing cluster counting. We examine the scaling with cosmology of the projected-density-peak mass function. Our main conclusion is that the projected-peak and the three-dimensional mass functions scale with cosmology in an astonishingly close way. This means that, despite being derived from a two-dimensional field, the weak lensing cluster abundance can be used to constrain cosmology in the same way as the three-dimensional mass function probed by other types of surveys.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJL. Figure 1 modified, unchanged conclusion

From Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing to Cosmological Parameters

Galaxy-galaxy lensing measures the mean excess surface density DS(r) around a sample of lensing galaxies. We develop a method for combining DS(r) with the galaxy correlation function xi_gg(r) to constrain Omega_m and sigma_8, going beyond the linear bias model to reach the level of accuracy demanded by current and future measurements. We adopt the halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework, and we test its applicability to this problem by examining the effects of replacing satellite galaxies in the halos of an SPH simulation with randomly selected dark matter particles from the same halos. The difference between dark matter and satellite galaxy radial profiles has a ~10% effect on DS(r) at r<1 Mpc/h. However, if radial profiles are matched, the remaining impact of individual subhalos around satellite galaxies and environmental dependence of the HOD at fixed halo mass is <5% in DS(r) for 0.1<r<15 Mpc/h. We develop an analytic approximation for DS(r) that incorporates halo exclusion and scale-dependent halo bias, and we demonstrate its accuracy with tests against a suite of populated N-body simulations. We use the analytic model to investigate the dependence of DS(r) and the galaxy-matter correlation function xi_gm(r) on Omega_m and sigma_8, once HOD parameters for a given cosmological model are pinned down by matching xi_gg(r). The linear bias prediction is accurate for r>2 Mpc/h, but it fails at the 30-50% level on smaller scales. The scaling of DS(r) ~ Omega_m^a(r) sigma_8^b(r) approaches the linear bias expectation a=b=1 at r>10 Mpc/h, but a(r) and b(r) vary from 0.8 to 1.6 at smaller r. We calculate a fiducial DS(r) and scaling indices a(r) and b(r) for two SDSS galaxy samples; galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements for these samples can be combined with our predictions to constrain Omega_m and sigma_8.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Initial investigations into the damping characteristics of wire rope vibration isolators

Passive dampers composed of coils of multi-strand wire rope are investigated. Analytical results range from those produced by complex NASTRAN models to those of a Coulomb damping model with variable friction force. The latter agrees well with experiment. The Coulomb model is also utilized to generate hysteresis loops. Various other models related to early experimental investigations are described. Significant closed-form static solutions for physical properties of single-and multi-strand wire ropes are developed for certain specific geometries and loading conditions. NASTRAN models concentrate on model generation and mode shapes of 2-strand and 7-strand straight wire ropes with interfacial forces