PARASITITASI Cotesia Flavipes Cam. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) TERHADAP LARVA Chilo Auricilius Dudg. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) DAN Chilo Sacchariphagus Boj. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) DI LABORATORIUM

Sugarcane stem borers Chilo spp. are the important pests on sugarcane estate and need the seriouscontrolling. The using of parasitoid is the one of way to control the stem borers population whichsafe for environtment and human.The objectives of the research were to study the ability ofparasitoid C. flavipes on larvae of C. sacchariphagus and C. auricilius. The research was held atLaboratory of Sugarcane Research and Development Sei Semayang, Binjai, Medan, NorthSumatera from Mei until July 2013. The method used Randomized Complete Design with threefactors, the first factor was kind of host (C. sacchariphagus and C. auricilius), the second factorwas number of host (2, 3, 4 larvae) and the third factor was method of parasititation (artificial andnatural) with three replications. The results showed that method parasititation significantly effectedthe percentage of parasititation. The highest percentage of parasititation (40,83%) on artificialparasititation and the lowest (27,30%) on natural parasititation. The number of host significantlyeffected sex ratio. The sex ratio of male and female was 1 : 1,277

Retained dental roots of adults : A nationwide population study with panoramic radiographs

The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and nature of retained dental roots and their associations with demographics in the Finnish adult population. From the cross-sectional nationwide Health 2000 Survey of the Finnish population aged 30 years and older, 6005 participants with clinical oral examination and panoramic radiographs were included. Occurrence and characteristics of all retained dental roots were examined. Statistical analyses included chi(2), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, and SAS-SUDAAN calculations. The mean age of the 6005 participants (46% men and 54% women) was 53 (SD 14.6) years. At least one retained dental root was observed in 13% (n = 754) of the participants. The 1350 retained roots included 461 (34%) roots retained entirely in bone and 889 (66%) partly in bone. The most common location of a retained dental root was the third molar region. Occurrence of retained roots partly in bone was associated with male sex and lower education. Occurrence of retained third molar roots entirely in bone was associated with female sex, younger age, higher education, and living in a city. Among all retained dental roots, the preponderance of third molars emphasized the demanding nature of extracting the third molar in women.Peer reviewe

Role of retinal pigment epithelium permeability in drug transfer between posterior eye segment and systemic blood circulation

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major part of blood-retinal barrier that affects drug elimination from the vitreous to the blood and drug distribution from blood circulation into the eye. Even though drug clearance from the vitreous has been well studied, the role of RPE in the process has not been quantified. The aim of this work was to study the role of RPE clearance (CLRpE) as part of drug elimination from the vitreous and ocular drug distribution from the systemic blood circulation. We determined the bidirectional permeability of eight small molecular weight drugs and bevacizumab antibody across isolated bovine RPE-choroid. Permeability of small molecules was 10(-6) -10(-5)cm/s showing 13-15 fold range of outward and inward permeation, while permeability of bevacizumab was lower by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Most small molecular weight drugs showed comparable outward (vitreous-to-choroid) and inward (choroid-to-vitreous) permeability across the RPEchoroid, except ciprofloxacin and ketorolac that had an over 6 and 14-fold higher outward than inward permeability, respectively, possibly indicating active transport, Six of seven tested small molecular weight drugs had outward CLRPE values that were comparable with their intravitreal clearance (CLIvr) values (0.84-2.6 fold difference). On the contrary, bevacizumab had an outward CLRPE that was only 3.5% of the CLIvt, proving that its main route of elimination (after intravitreal injection) is not RPE permeation. Experimental values were used in pharmacokinetic simulations to assess the role of the RPE in drug transfer from the systemic blood circulation to the vitreous (CLBv). We conclude that for small molecular weight drugs the RPE is an important route in drug transfer between the vitreal cavity and blood, whereas it effectively hinders the movement of bevacizumab from the vitreous to the systemic circulation.Peer reviewe

Understanding dexamethasone kinetics in the rabbit tear fluid : Drug release and clearance from solution, suspension and hydrogel formulations

Rapid precorneal loss of topically applied eye drops limits ocular drug absorption. Controlling release and precorneal residence properties of topical formulations may improve ocular drug bioavailability and duration of action. In this study, we evaluated in vivo ocular pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in rabbits after application of a drug solution (0.01%), suspension (Maxidex (R) 0.1%), and hydrogels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AAc) copolymers. The rabbits received a single eyedrop (solution or suspension) or dexamethasone-loaded hydrogel topically. Dexamethasone in tear fluid was sampled with glass capillaries and quantitated by LC-MS/MS. Higher dexamethasone exposure (AUC) in the tear fluid was observed with the suspension (approximate to 3.6-fold) and hydrogel (12.8-fold) as compared to the solution. During initial 15 min postapplication, the highest AUC of dissolved dexamethasone was seen after hydrogel application (368 min*mu g/ mL) followed by suspension (109.9 min*mu g/mL) and solution (28.7 min*mu g/mL. Based on kinetic simulations, dexamethasone release from hydrogels in vivo and in vitro is comparable. Our data indicate that prolonged exposure of absorbable dexamethasone in tear fluid is reached with hydrogels and suspensions. Pharmacokinetic understanding of formulation behavior in the lacrimal fluid helps in the design of dexamethasone delivery systems with improved ocular absorption and prolonged duration of action.Peer reviewe

Gene expression profiles in asbestos-exposed epithelial and mesothelial lung cell lines

BACKGROUND: Asbestos has been shown to cause chromosomal damage and DNA aberrations. Exposure to asbestos causes many lung diseases e.g. asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, and lung cancer, but the disease-related processes are still largely unknown. We exposed the human cell lines A549, Beas-2B and Met5A to crocidolite asbestos and determined time-dependent gene expression profiles by using Affymetrix arrays. The hybridization data was analyzed by using an algorithm specifically designed for clustering of short time series expression data. A canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify correlations between the cell lines, and a Gene Ontology analysis method for the identification of enriched, differentially expressed biological processes. RESULTS: We recognized a large number of previously known as well as new potential asbestos-associated genes and biological processes, and identified chromosomal regions enriched with genes potentially contributing to common responses to asbestos in these cell lines. These include genes such as the thioredoxin domain containing gene (TXNDC) and the potential tumor suppressor, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kD-interacting protein gene (BNIP3L), GO-terms such as "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" and "positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent", and chromosomal regions such as 2p22, 9p13, and 14q21. We present the complete data sets as Additional files. CONCLUSION: This study identifies several interesting targets for further investigation in relation to asbestos-associated diseases

Distribution of Small Molecular Weight Drugs into the Porcine Lens : Studies on Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Partition Coefficients, and Implications in Ocular Pharmacokinetics

Lens is the avascular tissue in the eye between the aqueous humor and vitreous. Drug binding to the lens might affect ocular pharmacokinetics, and the binding may also have a pharmacological role in drug-induced cataract and cataract treatment. Drug distribution in the lens has been studied in vitro with many compounds; however, the experimental methods vary, no detailed information on distribution between the lens sublayers exist, and the partition coefficients are reported rarely. Therefore, our objectives were to clarify drug localization in the lens layers and establish partition coefficients for a wide range of molecules. Furthermore, we aimed to illustrate the effect of lenticular drug binding on overall ocular drug pharmacokinetics. We studied the distribution of 16 drugs and three fluorescent dyes in whole porcine lenses in vitro with imaging mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy techniques. Furthermore, we determined lens/buffer partition coefficients with the same experimental setup for 28 drugs with mass spectrometry. Finally, the effect of lenticular binding of drugs on aqueous humor drug exposure was explored with pharmacokinetic simulations. After 4 h, the drugs and the dyes distributed only to the outermost lens layers (capsule and cortex). The lens/buffer partition coefficients for the drugs were low, ranging from 0.05 to 0.8. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic simulations, a high lens-aqueous humor partition coefficient increases drug exposure in the lens but does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics in the aqueous humor. To conclude, the lens seems to act mainly as a physical barrier for drug distribution in the eye, and drug binding to the lens affects mainly the drug pharmacokinetics in the lens.Peer reviewe

Ocular intracameral pharmacokinetics for a cocktail of timolol, betaxolol and atenolol in rabbits

The mechanisms of drug clearance from the aqueous humor are poorly defined. In this study, a cocktail approach was used to simultaneously determine the pharmacokinetics of three β-blocker agents after intracameral (ic) injection into the rabbit eyes. Aqueous humor samples were collected and analyzed using LC–MS/MS to determine drug concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a compartmental fitting approach, and the estimated clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life values were the following: atenolol (6.44 μL/min, 687 μL, and 73.87 min), timolol (19.30 μL/min, 937 μL, and 33.64 min), and betaxolol (32.20 μL/min, 1421 μL, and 30.58 min). Increased compound lipophilicity (atenolol < timolol < betaxolol) resulted in higher clearance and volume of distributions in the aqueous humor. Clearance of timolol and betaxolol is about 10 times higher than the aqueous humor outflow, demonstrating the importance of other elimination routes (e.g., uptake to iris and ciliary body and subsequent elimination via blood flow)

Partitioning and Spatial Distribution of Drugs in Ocular Surface Tissues

Ocular drug absorption after eye drop instillation has been widely studied, but partitioning phenomena and spatial drug distribution are poorly understood. We investigated partitioning of seven beta-blocking drugs in corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, including endothelium and conjunctiva, using isolated porcine tissues and cultured human corneal epithelial cells. The chosen beta-blocking drugs had a wide range (-1.76-0.79) of n-octanol/buffer solution distribution coefficients at pH 7.4 (Log D-7.4). In addition, the ocular surface distribution of three beta-blocking drugs was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) after their simultaneous application in an eye drop to the rabbits in vivo. Studies with isolated porcine corneas revealed that the distribution coefficient (K-p) between the corneal epithelium and donor solution showed a positive relationship and good correlation with Log D-7.4 and about a 50-fold range of K-p values (0.1-5). On the contrary, K-p between corneal stroma and epithelium showed an inverse (negative) relationship and correlation with Log D-7.4 based on a seven-fold range of K-p values. In vitro corneal cell uptake showed a high correlation with the ex vivo corneal epithelium/donor K-p values. Partitioning of the drugs into the porcine conjunctiva also showed a positive relationship with lipophilicity, but the range of K-p values was less than with the corneal epithelium. MALDI-IMS allowed simultaneous detection of three compounds in the cornea, showed data in line with other experiments, and revealed uneven spatial drug distribution in the cornea. Our data indicate the importance of lipophilicity in defining the corneal pharmacokinetics and the K-p values are a useful building block in the kinetic simulation models for topical ocular drug administration.Peer reviewe