GENDER ANALYSIS OF HIP ABDUCTOR AND ADDUCTOR FORCE RATIOS

The strength of hip abductors (ABD) and adductors (ADD) have been implicated in athletic injuries. This study assessed ABD:ADD in a variety of testing conditions and sought to assess gender differences therein. Fifteen men and fifteen women participated in this study. Subjects performed maximum voluntary isometric muscle actions for hip ABD and ADD against a portable force plate which was manually applied statically by research personal. Subjects were tested in four conditions included supine, supine with hip flexion, seated with knee extension, and standing. Results revealed no significant main effects or gender interaction for testing position for ABD:ADD, ABD force, or ADD force (p ≤ 0.05). Results show that easy to use, valid, and reliable methods of assessing ABD:ADD exist, irrespective of testing position

KINETIC AND SEX-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE TRADITIONAL AND HORIZONTAL HANG CLEAN

The horizontal hang clean (H-HC) is a novel variation of the traditional hang clean (T-HC). This study evaluated the H-HC and T-HC and compared the horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces and the ratio of those forces (H:V), to the horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces and H:V of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and standing sprint start (SSS). Ten men and ten women NCAA Division III athletes performed the T-HC, H-HC, CMJ, and SSS on a force platform. Results revealed that the H-HC produced a significantly (p ≤ 0.001) greater H:V than the T-HC. There was no interaction between any of these variables and sex (p \u3e 0.05). The H-HC should be included in training programs of men and women to increase the likelihood of transfer of training to activities such as sprinting

Determining Distribution and Size of Larval Pacific Geoduck Clams (Panopea Generosa Gould 1850) in Quartermaster Harbor (Washington, USA) Using a Novel Sampling Approach

Realistic species-specific information about larval life history is necessary for effective management of shellfish and parameterization of larval connectivity models. The patchiness of dispersing larvae, and the resources needed for sorting and identifying them, has limited many studies of larval distribution in the field, especially for species that are less common. In particular, little is known about in situ larval distribution of Pacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa Gould 1850), a commercially important species found in Puget Sound, WA. A novel approach-time-integrating larval tube traps paired with molecular identification and sorting (FISH-CS)-was used to determine the distribution of geoduck larvae over 4 moat 3 stations in Quartermaster Harbor. Larvae were found consistently at the surface and thermocline rather than at the bottom. More and larger larvae were captured in the inside and middle of the harbor than the outer harbor, indicating at least some larval retention. Two pulses of larvae were captured, in March and late May to early June. Size frequency distributions of larvae indicate that these were 2 separate cohorts of larvae, with the possibility of a pulse of larvae from elsewhere toward the end of the season. The only physical parameter associated with relative larval abundance was degree of stratification, although the association was weak. These data represent the first reported study of geoduck larval distribution in the field and the first use of the FISH-CS technique for field collections. In the future, this approach can be used to answer many relevant management questions locally and more broadly, including quantifying larval export from shellfish farms, placement of restoration sites and marine protected areas, and spread of invasive species

Impact of injected CO2 on reservoir mineralogy during CO2-EOR

An investigation of the impact of injected CO2 on reservoir mineralogy was completed as part of the geochemical monitoring and modelling of the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Project southwest of Drayton Valley, Alberta, Canada. Oil production at the pilot is primarily from the upper two of three stacked sandstone units of the Cardium Formation in the Pembina field. Core analyzed included samples from each of the three sandstone units, and encompassed three distinct time periods: pre-water flood (1955), pre- CO2 flood (2005), and post- CO2 flood (2007). The results of whole rock analysis (XRF, ICP, and XRD), and microscopy (polarizing and electron microprobe) suggest the three separate sandstone units are both texturally and compositionally similar regardless of when the core was recovered. Framework grains are predominately sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz/chert (up to 90.0 wt%), and include smaller amounts of lithic fragments (shale), feldspar (k-feldspar, and albite), mica (muscovite and chlorite), and fluor-apatite. Authigenic pyrite is found as finely disseminated rhombs throughout the formation. Clay minerals present are predominantly kaolinite and illite. Kaolinite appears as fine discrete pore filling books, and is considered to be authigenic. Illite occurs as a major constituent of shale fragments, as well as fine pore bridging strands. The sandstone’s irregular pores are cemented to varying degrees by silica and/or carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite). Dissolution features associated with formation diagenesis, including the degradation of detrital grains (quartz and feldspar), the partial and/or complete removal of carbonate cements, and the presence of residual clays, are found in core from each of the three time periods. Attributing dissolution features in post- CO2 flood core to the interaction of minerals and carbonic acid is difficult due to the geologic history of the formation

The Inherent Tracer Fingerprint of Captured CO2.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the only currently available technology that can directly reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions arising from fossil fuel combustion. Monitoring and verification of CO2 stored in geological reservoirs will be a regulatory requirement and so the development of reliable monitoring techniques is essential. The isotopic and trace gas composition - the inherent fingerprint - of captured CO2 streams is a potentially powerful, low cost geochemical technique for tracking the fate of injected gas in CCS projects; carbon and oxygen isotopes, in particular, have been used as geochemical tracers in a number of pilot CO2 storage sites, and noble gases are known to be powerful tracers of natural CO2 migration. However, the inherent tracer fingerprint in captured CO2 streams has yet to be robustly investigated and documented and key questions remain, including how consistent is the fingerprint, what controls it, and will it be retained en route to and within the storage reservoir? Here we present the first systematic measurements of the carbon and oxygen isotopes and the trace noble gas composition of anthropogenic CO2 captured from combustion power stations and fertiliser plants. The analysed CO2 is derived from coal, biomass and natural gas feedstocks, using amine capture, oxyfuel and gasification processes, from six different CO2 capture plants spanning four different countries. We find that δ13C values are primarily controlled by the δ13C of the feedstock while δ18O values are predominantly similar to atmospheric O2. Noble gases are of low concentration and exhibit relative element abundances different to expected reservoir baselines and air, with isotopic compositions that are similar to air or fractionated air. The use of inherent tracers for monitoring and verification was provisionally assessed by analysing CO2 samples produced from two field storage sites after CO2 injection. These experiments at Otway, Australia, and Aquistore, Canada, highlight the need for reliable baseline data. Noble gas data indicates noble gas stripping of the formation water and entrainment of Kr and Xe from an earlier injection experiment at Otway, and inheritance of a distinctive crustal radiogenic noble gas fingerprint at Aquistore. This fingerprint can be used to identify unplanned migration of the CO2 to the shallow subsurface or surface

Geochemical detection of carbon dioxide in dilute aquifers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carbon storage in deep saline reservoirs has the potential to lower the amount of CO₂emitted to the atmosphere and to mitigate global warming. Leakage back to the atmosphere through abandoned wells and along faults would reduce the efficiency of carbon storage, possibly leading to health and ecological hazards at the ground surface, and possibly impacting water quality of near-surface dilute aquifers. We use static equilibrium and reactive transport simulations to test the hypothesis that perturbations in water chemistry associated with a CO₂gas leak into dilute groundwater are important measures for the potential release of CO₂to the atmosphere. Simulation parameters are constrained by groundwater chemistry, flow, and lithology from the High Plains aquifer. The High Plains aquifer is used to represent a typical sedimentary aquifer overlying a deep CO₂storage reservoir. Specifically, we address the relationships between CO₂flux, groundwater flow, detection time and distance. The CO₂flux ranges from 10³to 2 × 10⁶t/yr (0.63 to 1250 t/m²/yr) to assess chemical perturbations resulting from relatively small leaks that may compromise long-term storage, water quality, and surface ecology, and larger leaks characteristic of short-term well failure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For the scenarios we studied, our simulations show pH and carbonate chemistry are good indicators for leakage of stored CO₂into an overlying aquifer because elevated CO₂yields a more acid pH than the ambient groundwater. CO₂leakage into a dilute groundwater creates a slightly acid plume that can be detected at some distance from the leak source due to groundwater flow and CO₂buoyancy. pH breakthrough curves demonstrate that CO₂leaks can be easily detected for CO₂flux ≥ 10⁴t/yr within a 15-month time period at a monitoring well screened within a permeable layer 500 m downstream from the vertical gas trace. At lower flux rates, the CO₂dissolves in the aqueous phase in the lower most permeable unit and does not reach the monitoring well. Sustained pumping in a developed aquifer mixes the CO₂-affected water with the ambient water and enhances pH signal for small leaks (10³t/yr) and reduces pH signal for larger leaks (≥ 10⁴t/yr).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ability to detect CO₂leakage from a storage reservoir to overlying dilute groundwater is dependent on CO₂solubility, leak flux, CO₂buoyancy, and groundwater flow. Our simulations show that the most likely places to detect CO₂are at the base of the confining layer near the water table where CO₂gas accumulates and is transported laterally in all directions, and downstream of the vertical gas trace where groundwater flow is great enough to transport dissolved CO₂laterally. Our simulations show that CO₂may not rise high enough in the aquifer to be detected because aqueous solubility and lateral groundwater transport within the lower aquifer unit exceeds gas pressure build-up and buoyancy needed to drive the CO₂gas upwards.</p

Tracing injected CO2 in the Cranfield enhanced oil recovery field (MS, USA) using He, Ne and Ar isotopes

The He, Ne and Ar isotopic composition of gases collected in 2009 and 2012 from 13 production wells, injection wells and the CO2 supply pipeline at the Cranfield CO2-enhanced oil recovery field (MS, USA) have been measured in order to determine the extent to which they trace the fate of injected CO2 in the reservoir. In the absence of samples of CO2 pre-injection reservoir gas we use the Ne isotope composition of the production and injection well gases to determine the isotopic composition of the natural gas. The noble gas isotopes display binary mixing trends between the injected CO2 and a CH4-rich natural gas that is characterised by radiogenic He, Ne and Ar isotope ratios. 3He/4He and 40Ar*/4He ratios (where 40Ar* represents the non-atmospheric 40Ar) display coherent relationships with CO2 concentrations that can be used to trace and quantify the injected CO2 in an engineered site over a sustained period of injection. The presence of a small amount of air-derived Ar, from a non-atmospheric source, in many gas samples rules out using 40Ar/36Ar to track the injected CO2. The noble gases identify the loss of a significant proportion of the CO2 from the gas phase sampled by five production wells in 2009. Using 3He/4He and 40Ar*/4He ratios to reconstruct the major gas composition, it appears that between 22% and 96% of the CO2 has been lost in individual wells. This study demonstrates that the naturally occurring noble gases have the potential to trace the fate and quantify the sequestration of CO2 at injection sites

The Lead Anode in Alkaline Solutions I. The Initial Oxidation Processes

“© The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 1987. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The archival version of this work was published in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1987, Vol. 134(4).”Ye

The Lead Anode in Alkaline Solutions II. The Mechanism of PbO Film Formation

“© The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 1987. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The archival version of this work was published in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1987, vol. 134(7).”Ye

The Lead Anode in Alkaline Solutions III. Growth of Thick PbO Films

“© The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 1990. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The archival version of this work was published in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1990, Vol. 137(9).”Ye