FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU MEROKOK SISWA KELAS VII MTS TPI SILAU DUNIA KECAMATAN SILAU KAHEAN KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN

Abstract Smoking behavior is a common phenomenon in Indonesian society. Currently smoking has penetrated into the lives of school children starting from high school, junior high school and even some elementary school children have smoked. The prevalence rate of adolescent smokers in North Sumatra Province at the age of 10-19 years is 27.28% of the total population. There are many factors that influence smoking habits among students, including the influence of the parents' environment, the influence of friends, personality factors and because of advertising. This research was conducted at MTS TPI Silau Dunia, Silau Kahean District, Simalungun Regency. This type of research is a quantitative study using a cross sectional. The population determined in this study were all seventh grade students of MTS TPI Silau Dunia. The number of available samples is 58 samples taken by purposive sampling from the population. The results of the bivariate analysis of the influence of knowledge, attitudes, parental control, and peers on smoking behavior obtained p-values of 0.002, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively. From the results of the bivariate analysis of p value < (0.05), it can be concluded that there is an influence of knowledge, attitudes, parental control, and peers on the smoking behavior of seventh grade students of MTS TPI Silau Dunia, Silau Kahean District, Simalungun Regency. The need for education from MTS TPI Silau Dunia about substances in cigarettes and the dangers of smoking to health as well as monitoring student behavior, especially students who already smoke

Синтез та діуретична дія 8-амінозаміщених 7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантину

It has been found that natural xanthines, as well as their synthetic analogs, possess the diuretic effect. Analysis of the literature proves that there is a great opportunity of applying synthetic derivatives of N-methylated xanthines as potential diuretics.Aim. To develop preparative methods of the synthesis of 8-aminosubstituted of 7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-metoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-3-methylxanthine and study their physical, chemical and biological properties. Results. The synthesis of a series of 8-aminosubstituted of 7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-metoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-3-methylxanthine was carried out. According to the results of the biological testing the compounds synthesized belong to the toxicity of class IV. 7-(2-Hydroxy-3-p-methoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-8-(furyl-2-methylamino)-3-methylxanthine xanthine shows the highest diuretic activity, and hence, requires a more in-depth study since it is twice more active than hydrochlorothiazide. It should be emphasized that all compounds synthesized exhibit a marked diuretic effect. Experimental part. 8-Bromo-7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-methoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-3-methylxanthine was obtained by heating 8-bromo-3-methylxanthine with p-methoxyphenoxymethyloxirane in butanol-1 and in the presence of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine. 8-Aminosubstitutied of 7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-metoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-3-methylxanthine was obtained by boiling of bromoalcohol with the primary and secondary amines. The structure of the compounds synthesized was unambiguously confirmed by NMR-spectroscopy. The acute toxicity of the compounds obtained was studied by Kerber method. The study of the diuretic activity of the compounds was carried out using Ye. Berkhin method. Hydrochlorothiazide was used as a reference substance. Conclusions. Simple methods for the synthesis of 8-amino-7- (2-hydroxy-3-p-methoxyphenoxypropyl-1)-3-methylxanthines have been developed. The structure of the compounds synthesized has been confirmed by the method of NMR 1H-spectroscopy. The acute toxicity and the diuretic activity of the compounds obtained have been studied.Известно, что как природные ксантины, так и их синтетические аналоги обладают диуретическим действием. Анализ данных литературы свидетельствует о значительной перспективе использования синтетических производных N-метилированных ксантинов в качестве потенциальных диуретических средств. Цель данной работы – разработка препаративных методов синтеза 8-аминозамещенных 7-(2-гидрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропил-1)-3-метилксантина и изучение их физико-химических и биологических свойств. Результаты и их обсуждение. Синтезирован ряд 8-аминозамещенных 7-(2-гидрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропил-1)-3-метилксантина. По результатам биологических испытаний синтезированные соединения относятся к IV классу токсичности. 7-(2-Гидрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропил-1)-8-(фурил-2-метиламино)-3-метилксантин имеет наибольшую диуретическую активность, а следовательно необходимо доскональное изучение, поскольку он более чем в 2 раза активнее  гидрохлортиазида. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что все синтезированные соединения оказывают выраженное диуретическое действие. Экспериментальная часть. 8-Бром-7-(2-гидрокси-3-п-метоксифенокси­пропил-1)-3-метилксантин получен нагреванием 8-бром-3-метилксантина с п-метоксифеноксиметилоксираном в бутаноле-1 в присутствии N,N-диметилбензиламина. 8-Аминозамещенные 7-(2-гидрокси-3-п-метокси­феноксипропил-1)-3-метилксантина синтезированы путем кипячения бромоспирта с первичными и вторичными аминами. Структура синтезированных соединений однозначно доказана методом ПМР-спектроскопии. Острая токсичность синтезированных соединений изучалась по методу Кербера. Изучение диуретической активности полученных соединений проводили по методу Берхина Е. Б. В качестве эталона сравнения использовали гидрохлортиазид. Выводы. Разработаны простые в выполнении методики синтеза 8-аминозамещенных 7-(2-гидрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропил-1)-3-метилксантина. Структура синтезированных соединений доказана методом ПМР-спектроскопии. Изучена острая токсичность и диуретическая активность полученных веществ.Відомо, що як природні ксантини, так і їх синтетичні аналоги виявляють діуретичну дію. Аналіз даних літератури свідчить про значну перспективу використання синтетичних похідних N-метильованих ксантинів в якості потенційних діуретичних засобів. Метою даної роботи є розробка препаративних методів синтезу 8-амінозаміщених 7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантину та вивчення їх фізико-хімічних та біологічних властивостей. Результати та їх обговорення. Був синтезований ряд 8-амінозаміщених 7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантину. За результатами біологічних випробувань синтезовані сполуки відносяться до IV класу токсичності. 7-(2-Гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-8-(фурил-2-метиламіно)-3-метилксантин виявляє найвищу діуретичну активність, а отже потребує більш досконалого вивчення, оскільки він більш ніж у 2 рази активніший за гідрохлортіазид. Необхідно підкреслити, що всі синтезовані сполуки виявляють виразну діуретичну дію.Експериментальна частина. 8-Бромо-7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантин отримали нагріванням 8-бромо-3-метилксантину з п-метоксифеноксиметилоксираном у бутанолі-1 в присутності N,N-диметилбензиламіну. 8-Амінозаміщені 7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантину синтезовані шляхом кип’ятіння бромоспирту з первинними та вторинними амінами. Структура синтезованих сполук була однозначно доведена методом ПМР-спектроскопії. Гостра токсичність синтезованих сполук була вивчена за методом Кербера. Вивчення діуретичної дії отриманих сполук проводили за методом Берхіна Є. Б. В якості еталону порівняння використовували гідрохлортіазид. Висновки. Були розроблені прості у виконанні методики синтезу 8-амінозаміщених 7-(2-гідрокси-3-п-метоксифеноксипропіл-1)-3-метилксантину. Структура синтезованих сполук була доведена методом ПМР-спектроскопії. Вивчена гостра токсичність та діуретична активність отриманих речовин

A Modular Network Architecture Resolving Memory Interference through Inhibition

International audienceIn real learning paradigms like pavlovian conditioning, several modes of learning are associated, including generalization from cues and integration of specific cases in context. Associative memories have been shown to be interesting neuronal models to learn quickly specific cases but they are hardly used in realistic applications because of their limited storage capacities resulting in interferences when too many examples are considered. Inspired by biological considerations, we propose a modular model of associative memory including mechanisms to manipulate properly multimodal inputs and to detect and manage interferences. This paper reports experiments that demonstrate the good behavior of the model in a wide series of simulations and discusses its impact both in machine learning and in biological modeling

Development of an autonomous IoT-based drone for campus security

In recent years, drone technology has gained popularity across the world because of its numerous applications, particularly in security and surveillance. This technology can be further revolutionized with the deployment of Industrial Revolution 4.0 Technology. This paper discusses the development of an IoT-based autonomous drone for more comprehensive campus security and surveillance system. The drone is featured with the capability of conducting a fully autonomous aerial surveillance, being the first responder in emergencies, streaming video while flying, avoiding obstacles, following a target and communicating with the current IoT based UTM’s security patrolling system for data transfer and drone control. This has been accomplished by using the open source ArduPilot software, Pixhawk flight controller along with Dronekit python library installed on a Raspberry Pi 4. The findings show that the actual performance of the designed drone is fairly similar to the simulation results. The drone has successfully performed autonomous navigation to incident location with 1 to 2 meter accuracy as well as follow-me mode. The cellular technology utilized for drone communication also is more robust and provides promising solution to overcome short operation range and interference

Dual coding with STDP in a spiking recurrent neural network model of the hippocampus.

The firing rate of single neurons in the mammalian hippocampus has been demonstrated to encode for a range of spatial and non-spatial stimuli. It has also been demonstrated that phase of firing, with respect to the theta oscillation that dominates the hippocampal EEG during stereotype learning behaviour, correlates with an animal's spatial location. These findings have led to the hypothesis that the hippocampus operates using a dual (rate and temporal) coding system. To investigate the phenomenon of dual coding in the hippocampus, we examine a spiking recurrent network model with theta coded neural dynamics and an STDP rule that mediates rate-coded Hebbian learning when pre- and post-synaptic firing is stochastic. We demonstrate that this plasticity rule can generate both symmetric and asymmetric connections between neurons that fire at concurrent or successive theta phase, respectively, and subsequently produce both pattern completion and sequence prediction from partial cues. This unifies previously disparate auto- and hetero-associative network models of hippocampal function and provides them with a firmer basis in modern neurobiology. Furthermore, the encoding and reactivation of activity in mutually exciting Hebbian cell assemblies demonstrated here is believed to represent a fundamental mechanism of cognitive processing in the brain

Causes of death among infants and children in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network

Importance The number of deaths of children younger than 5 years has been steadily decreasing worldwide, from more than 17 million annual deaths in the 1970s to an estimated 5.3 million in 2019 (with 2.8 million deaths occurring in those aged 1-59 months [53% of all deaths in children aged <5 years]). More detailed characterization of childhood deaths could inform interventions to improve child survival. Objective To describe causes of postneonatal child deaths across 7 mortality surveillance sentinel sites in Africa and Asia. Design, Setting, and Participants The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network conducts childhood mortality surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia using innovative postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS). In this cross-sectional study, MITS was conducted in deceased children aged 1 to 59 months at 7 sites in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia from December 3, 2016, to December 3, 2020. Data analysis was conducted between October and November 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures The expert panel attributed underlying, intermediate, and immediate conditions in the chain of events leading to death, based on histopathologic analysis, microbiological diagnostics, clinical data, and verbal autopsies. Results In this study, MITS was performed in 632 deceased children (mean [SD] age at death, 1.3 [0.3] years; 342 [54.1%] male). The 6 most common underlying causes of death were malnutrition (104 [16.5%]), HIV (75 [11.9%]), malaria (71 [11.2%]), congenital birth defects (64 [10.1%]), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs; 53 [8.4%]), and diarrheal diseases (46 [7.2%]). When considering immediate causes only, sepsis (191 [36.7%]) and LRTI (129 [24.8%]) were the 2 dominant causes. An infection was present in the causal chain in 549 of 632 deaths (86.9%); pathogens most frequently contributing to infectious deaths included Klebsiella pneumoniae (155 of 549 infectious deaths [28.2%]; 127 [81.9%] considered nosocomial), Plasmodium falciparum (122 of 549 [22.2%]), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (109 of 549 [19.9%]). Other organisms, such as cytomegalovirus (57 [10.4%]) and Acinetobacter baumannii (39 [7.1%]; 35 of 39 [89.7%] considered nosocomial), also played important roles. For the top underlying causes of death, the median number of conditions in the chain of events leading to death was 3 for malnutrition, 3 for HIV, 1 for malaria, 3 for congenital birth defects, and 1 for LRTI. Expert panels considered 494 of 632 deaths (78.2%) preventable and 26 of 632 deaths (4.1%) preventable under certain conditions. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study investigating causes of child mortality in the CHAMPS Network, results indicate that, in these high-mortality settings, infectious diseases continue to cause most deaths in infants and children, often in conjunction with malnutrition. These results also highlight opportunities for action to prevent deaths and reveal common interaction of various causes in the path toward death

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13 by Maternal Plasma DNA Sequencing

Massively parallel sequencing of DNA molecules in the plasma of pregnant women has been shown to allow accurate and noninvasive prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 21. However, whether the sequencing approach is as accurate for the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 and 18 is unclear due to the lack of data from a large sample set. We studied 392 pregnancies, among which 25 involved a trisomy 13 fetus and 37 involved a trisomy 18 fetus, by massively parallel sequencing. By using our previously reported standard z-score approach, we demonstrated that this approach could identify 36.0% and 73.0% of trisomy 13 and 18 at specificities of 92.4% and 97.2%, respectively. We aimed to improve the detection of trisomy 13 and 18 by using a non-repeat-masked reference human genome instead of a repeat-masked one to increase the number of aligned sequence reads for each sample. We then applied a bioinformatics approach to correct GC content bias in the sequencing data. With these measures, we detected all (25 out of 25) trisomy 13 fetuses at a specificity of 98.9% (261 out of 264 non-trisomy 13 cases), and 91.9% (34 out of 37) of the trisomy 18 fetuses at 98.0% specificity (247 out of 252 non-trisomy 18 cases). These data indicate that with appropriate bioinformatics analysis, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 by maternal plasma DNA sequencing is achievable

Postmortem investigations and identification of multiple causes of child deaths: An analysis of findings from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network

BACKGROUND: The current burden of >5 million deaths yearly is the focus of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years old by 2030. To accelerate progression toward this goal, data are needed that accurately quantify the leading causes of death, so that interventions can target the common causes. By adding postmortem pathology and microbiology studies to other available data, the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network provides comprehensive evaluations of conditions leading to death, in contrast to standard methods that rely on data from medical records and verbal autopsy and report only a single underlying condition. We analyzed CHAMPS data to characterize the value of considering multiple causes of death. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We examined deaths identified from December 2016 through November 2020 from 7 CHAMPS sites (in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and South Africa), including 741 neonatal, 278 infant, and 241 child <5 years deaths for which results from Determination of Cause of Death (DeCoDe) panels were complete. DeCoDe panelists included all conditions in the causal chain according to the ICD-10 guidelines and assessed if prevention or effective management of the condition would have prevented the death. We analyzed the distribution of all conditions listed as causal, including underlying, antecedent, and immediate causes of death. Among 1,232 deaths with an underlying condition determined, we found a range of 0 to 6 (mean 1.5, IQR 0 to 2) additional conditions in the causal chain leading to death. While pathology provides very helpful clues, we cannot always be certain that conditions identified led to death or occurred in an agonal stage of death. For neonates, preterm birth complications (most commonly respiratory distress syndrome) were the most common underlying condition (n = 282, 38%); among those with preterm birth complications, 256 (91%) had additional conditions in causal chains, including 184 (65%) with a different preterm birth complication, 128 (45%) with neonatal sepsis, 69 (24%) with lower respiratory infection (LRI), 60 (21%) with meningitis, and 25 (9%) with perinatal asphyxia/hypoxia. Of the 278 infant deaths, 212 (79%) had ≥1 additional cause of death (CoD) beyond the underlying cause. The 2 most common underlying conditions in infants were malnutrition and congenital birth defects; LRI and sepsis were the most common additional conditions in causal chains, each accounting for approximately half of deaths with either underlying condition. Of the 241 child deaths, 178 (75%) had ≥1 additional condition. Among 46 child deaths with malnutrition as the underlying condition, all had ≥1 other condition in the causal chain, most commonly sepsis, followed by LRI, malaria, and diarrheal disease. Including all positions in the causal chain for neonatal deaths resulted in 19-fold and 11-fold increases in attributable roles for meningitis and LRI, respectively. For infant deaths, the proportion caused by meningitis and sepsis increased by 16-fold and 11-fold, respectively; for child deaths, sepsis and LRI are increased 12-fold and 10-fold, respectively. While comprehensive CoD determinations were done for a substantial number of deaths, there is potential for bias regarding which deaths in surveillance areas underwent minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), potentially reducing representativeness of findings. CONCLUSIONS: Including conditions that appear anywhere in the causal chain, rather than considering underlying condition alone, markedly changed the proportion of deaths attributed to various diagnoses, especially LRI, sepsis, and meningitis. While CHAMPS methods cannot determine when 2 conditions cause death independently or may be synergistic, our findings suggest that considering the chain of events leading to death can better guide research and prevention priorities aimed at reducing child deaths

Healthcare Professional Training Regarding Gestational Weight Gain: Recommendations and Future Directions

Purpose of review The aim of this review was to summarise recent evaluations of healthcare professional training regarding gestational weight gain and provide recommendations for future training. Recent findings A number of evaluated healthcare professional training sessions regarding gestational weight gain show promising results in terms of increased participant confidence and knowledge and impact on women’s outcomes. It is clear that the interventions which have also implemented resources in the practice environment to support training are the ones most likely to influence gestational weight gain. Summary Support from healthcare professionals are key to influence pregnant women’s weight gain and should be offered within the standard curriculum and through mandatory training. Factors influencing this support include women’s and healthcare professional characteristics, interpersonal and healthcare system and policy factors. All of these need to be considered when developing healthcare professional training to support women with their gestational weight gain