Relaciones entre las aportaciones a la zona regable del río Jucar y la conductividad de la Albufera de Valencia

Las aportaciones a la zona regable del río Júcar condicionan la conductividad de la Albufera porque recibe las aguas sobrantes de riego. Se ha observado una relación inversa entre ambas variables. La demanda de agua para otras zonas pretende satisfacerse a partir del trasvase de los sobrantes de riego basándose en una mejora de la eficiencia del regadío. Estas actuaciones deben realizarse sólo cuando se aseguren previamente las aportaciones necesarias para mantener la calidad del lago.The water inflows to the irrigation area of the Júcar river determine the conductivity of the Albufera because it receives the surplus irrigation water. It has been observed an inverse relationship between both variables. The water demands for other regions is sought by transferring the surplus irrigation water based on an improvement of the irrigation efficiency. These actions must be carried out only after having ensured a sufficient quantity of water inflow to maintain the quality of the lake

Social mobilization and media framing in the journalistic coverage of oil survey permits in the Mediterranean

The granting of hydrocarbon exploration permits in the Gulf of Valencia in 2010 brought thousands of citizens of the Valencian Community and the Balearic Islands to the streets until 2015 when the beneficiary company renounced to carry out the project. As in other cases of citizen protests, different concerns and positions were expressed in the media. Knowing the media frameworks around these projects is the main objective of this research. Specifically, the research looks to identify the presentation of positions for or against the risks and potential benefits, and to determine the presence of social mobilization as an information source in the coverage of the three reference newspapers in the affected area: Levante-EMV (Valencia), Mediterráneo (Castellón) and Diario de Ibiza. From the theoretical perspective of framing, the frames used in reporting are revealed in terms of the definition of the problem. The results of the analysis of 1,258 texts have made it possible to identify frames of benefit and risk, much more frequent on the latter, focusing on the economic risk for tourism and fishing, and above all, on environmental risk. The frame of benefit referred to the economic advantages that would reduce the dependence on energy, occupies a discreet place since, in this case, the main actors in the conflict -politicians and civil society- coincided in their arguments, both becoming protagonists of media discourse in their role as sources

Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: An Updated Review

Hinchazón celular; Edema; Traumatismo cerebralCellular swelling; Edema; Traumatic brain injuryInflor cel·lular; Edema; Traumatisme cerebralSulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily, encoded by Abcc8, and is recognized as a key mediator of central nervous system (CNS) cellular swelling via the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel. Discovered approximately 20 years ago, this channel is normally absent in the CNS but is transcriptionally upregulated after CNS injury. A comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and role of SUR1 in the CNS was published in 2012. Since then, the breadth and depth of understanding of the involvement of this channel in secondary injury has undergone exponential growth: SUR1-TRPM4 inhibition has been shown to decrease cerebral edema and hemorrhage progression in multiple preclinical models as well as in early clinical studies across a range of CNS diseases including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, neuromalignancies, pain, liver failure, status epilepticus, retinopathies and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Given these substantial developments, combined with the timeliness of ongoing clinical trials of SUR1 inhibition, now, another decade later, we review advances pertaining to SUR1-TRPM4 pathobiology in this spectrum of CNS disease—providing an overview of the journey from patch-clamp experiments to phase III trials.No funding directly supported the writing of this review. R.M.J. is supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (K23NS101036; R01NS115815), and the Barrow Neurological Foundation. J.M.S. is supported by grants from the Department of Veterans Affairs (I01RX003060; 1I01BX004652), the Department of Defense (SC170199), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL082517) and the NINDS (R01NS102589; R01NS105633)

Exploiting temporal locality in drowsy cache policies

Technology projections indicate that static power will become a major concern in future generations of high-performance microprocessors. Caches represent a significant percentage of the overall microprocessor die area. Therefore, recent research has concentrated on the reduction of leakage current dissipated by caches. The variety of techniques to control current leakage can be classified as non-state preserving or state preserving. Non-state preserving techniques power off selected cache lines while state preserving place selected lines into a low-power state. Drowsy caches are a recently proposed state-preserving technique. In order to introduce low performance overhead, drowsy caches must be very selective on which cache lines are moved to a drowsy state. Past research on cache organization has focused on how best to exploit the temporal locality present in the data stream. In this paper we propose a novel drowsy cache policy called Reuse Most Recently used On (RMRO), which makes use of reuse information to trade off performance versus energy consumption. Our proposal improves the hit ratio for drowsy lines by about 67%, while reducing the power consumption by about 11.7% (assuming 70nm technology) with respect to previously proposed drowsy cache policies

A hydro-economic modelling framework for optimal management of groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture

A hydro-economic modelling framework is developed for determining optimal management of groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture. A holistic optimization model determines the spatial and temporal fertilizer application rate that maximizes the net benefits in agriculture constrained by the quality requirements in groundwater at various control sites. Since emissions (nitrogen loading rates) are what can be controlled, but the concentrations are the policy targets, we need to relate both. Agronomic simulations are used to obtain the nitrate leached, while numerical groundwater flow and solute transport simulation models were used to develop unit source solutions that were assembled into a pollutant concentration response matrix. The integration of the response matrix in the constraints of the management model allows simulating by superposition the evolution of groundwater nitrate concentration over time at different points of interest throughout the aquifer resulting from multiple pollutant sources distributed over time and space. In this way, the modelling framework relates the fertilizer loads with the nitrate concentration at the control sites. The benefits in agriculture were determined through crop prices and crop production functions. This research aims to contribute to the ongoing policy process in the Europe Union (the Water Framework Directive) providing a tool for analyzing the opportunity cost of measures for reducing nitrogen loadings and assessing their effectiveness for maintaining groundwater nitrate concentration within the target levels. The management model was applied to a hypothetical groundwater system. Optimal solutions of fertilizer use to problems with different initial conditions, planning horizons, and recovery times were determined. The illustrative example shows the importance of the location of the pollution sources in relation to the control sites, and how both the selected planning horizon and the target recovery time can strongly influence the limitation of fertilizer use and the economic opportunity cost for meeting the environmental standards. There is clearly a trade-off between the time horizon to reach the standards (recovery time) and the economic losses from nitrogen use reductions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The authors thank the Editor, Geoff Syme, and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and helpful comments on improving the paper. Support for this research was provided by the Mexican Ministry of Science and Technology (CONACyT).Peña Haro, S.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Sahuquillo Herráiz, A. (2009). A hydro-economic modelling framework for optimal management of groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture. Journal of Hydrology. 373(1-2):193-203. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.024S1932033731-

Direct and correlated responses to selection for daily gain in rabbits

In a selection experiment for daily gain, direct and correlated responses were estimated, using a cryopreserved population as control. The difference between the selected and control group was 15 generations. The direct response for daily gain was 0.18 g./d. per generation and we did not find correlated response for feed conversion. These results are worse than expected. This could be due to the effect of the special diet used to control the enterocolitis disease

Diseño de experiencias prácticas sobre memoria cache

La planificación de actividades prácticas a fin de consolidar el aprendizaje de los conceptos clave relacionados con la memoria cache no es una tarea fácil. En esta ponencia destacamos los conceptos que hemos considerado fundamentales sobre el sistema de memoria cache. A continuación planteamos un conjunto de actividades prácticas basándonos en el refuerzo de dichos conceptos y establecemos la metodología para su enseñanza. Finalmente, presentamos una herramienta de ayuda, accesible mediante un navegador web, que apoyará el proceso de aprendizaje

Management Alternatives of Aquifer Storage, Distribution, and Simulation in Conjunctive Use

[EN] Aquifers are ubiquitous, and their water is easy to obtain with low extraction costs. On many occasions, these characteristics lead to overexploitation due to important water level declines, reduction of river base flows, enhanced seawater intrusion, and wetland affection. The forecasted increase in water demands and global warming will impact the future availability of water resources. Conjunctive use of surface and subsurface waters can help in mitigating these impacts. There are two main conjunctive use strategies: artificial recharge (AR) and alternate conjunctive use (ACU). AR stores waters that are not to be used directly in aquifers. ACU utilizes groundwater in dry periods, while surface waters are preferred in wet ones; this allows the increase of water supply with lower dam storage, economic gains, and environmental advantages. Efficient conjunctive use can prevent soil salinization and waterlogging problems in semiarid countries due to excessive recharge from irrigation return flows or other origins. Groundwater is a neglected and generally misused resource to maintain environmental conditions. When considering the solution to a water resources problem, groundwater should always be part of the design as an alternative or a complementary resource. Aquifers have large inertia, and changes in their volumes are only noticeable after years of observations. Unfortunately, groundwater observation networks are much poorer than surface ones, something that should be changed if groundwater is to come to the rescue in these times of climate change. Human and material resources should be made available to monitor, control, analyze, and forecast groundwater.This research was funded by AGREEMAR Project (PCI2022-133001 funded by Spain's MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, by European Union's NextGenerationEU/PRTR), the SIGLOAN project (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de I + D + i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad) and by project eGROUNDWATER funded by the PRIMA programme supported by the European's Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant number 1921.Sahuquillo, A.; Cassiraga, EF.; Gómez-Hernández, JJ.; Andreu Álvarez, J.; Pulido-Velazquez, M.; Pulido Velázquez, D.; Álvarez-Villa, ÓD.... (2022). Management Alternatives of Aquifer Storage, Distribution, and Simulation in Conjunctive Use. Water. 14(15):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14152332115141

A method to assess annual average renewable groundwater reserves for large regions in Spain

This paper proposes a method for assessing the groundwater renewable reserves of large regions for an average year, based on the integration of the recession curves for their basins springs or the natural base flow of their rivers. In this method, the hydrodynamic volume (or renewable reserves), were estimated from the baseflow equation. It was assumed that the flow was the same as the natural recharge, and that the recession coefficients were derived by the hydrogeological parameters and geometrical characteristics of aquifers, and adjusted to fit the recession curves at gauging stations. The method was applied to all the aquifers of Spain, which have a total groundwater renewable reserve of 86,895 hm3 four times the mean annual recharge. However, the distribution of these reserves is very variable; 18.6% of the country aquifers contain 94.7% of the entire reserve