Entropy scaling based viscosity predictions for hydrocarbon mixtures and diesel fuels up to extreme conditions

An entropy scaling based technique using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory is described for predicting the viscosity of hydrocarbon mixtures and diesel fuels up to high temperatures and high pressures. The compounds found in diesel fuels or hydrocarbon mixtures are represented as a single pseudo-component. The model is not fit to viscosity data but is predictive up to high temperatures and pressures with input of only two calculated or measured mixture properties: the number averaged molecular weight and hydrogen to carbon ratio. Viscosity is predicted less accurately when the mixture contains high concentrations of iso-alkanes and cyclohexanes. However, it is shown that predictions for these mixtures are improved by fitting a third parameter to a single viscosity data point at a chosen reference state. For hydrocarbon mixtures, viscosity is predicted with average mean absolute percent deviations (MAPDs) of 12.2% using the two-parameter model and 7.3% using the three-parameter model from 293 to 353 K and up to 1000 bar. For two different diesel fuels, viscosity is predicted with an average MAPD of 21.4% using the two-parameter model and 9.4% using the three-parameter model from 323 to 423 K and up to 3500 bar

Purely predictive method for density, compressibility, and expansivity for hydrocarbon mixtures and diesel and jet fuels up to high temperatures and pressures

This study presents a pseudo-component method using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory to predict density, isothermal compressibility, and the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (expansivity) of hydrocarbon mixtures and diesel and jet fuels. The model is not fit to experimental density data but is predictive to high temperatures and pressures using only two calculated or measured mixture properties as inputs: the number averaged molecular weight and hydrogen to carbon ratio. Mixtures are treated as a single pseudo-component; therefore binary interaction parameters are not needed. Density is predicted up to 470 K and 3,500 bar for hydrocarbon mixtures and fuels with 1% average mean absolute percent deviation (MAPD). Isothermal compressibility is predicted with 4% average MAPD for hydrocarbon mixtures and 9% for fuels. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient is predicted with 7% average MAPD for hydrocarbon mixtures and 13% for fuels

Sampling strategies for the detection of grapevine fanleaf virus and the grapevine strain of tomato ringspot virus

This study was conducted to determine the influence of season, host genotype virus isolate and sample tissue on ELISA detection of the two nepoviruses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) readily detects grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and the causal agent of grapevine yellow vein, tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) in infected grapevines. Three serologically identical isolates of GFLV (fanleaf deformation, vein-banding and yellow mosaic) were examined in one cultivar of Vitis rupestris SCHEELE and in three cultivars of V.. vinifera L. TomRSV was examined in V. vinifera cv. Carignane. The tissues tested included: shoot tips, mature leaves and cambial scrapings. The following tissues taken from GFLV-infected dormant canes were also tested: sawdust, cambial scrapings, dormant buds, and induced shoots, roots and callus. There were no differences in GFLV ELISA results when different cultivars and virus isolates were compared. However, seasonal differences in ELISA detection of GFLV were observed. Shoot tip values went from a high of > 4.00 OD450nm in May to a low of 0.05 OD450nm in September. 'Mature leaves also gave the highest values in May and rapidly decreased to relatively low and constant levels throughout the rest of the season. ELISA values from cambial scrapings were moderately high and relatively constant throughout the season. When GFLV-infected dormant canes were tested, induced actively growing tissues gave the highest ELISA values. TomRSV ELISA values were relatively constant over the season and shoot tips, mature leaves and cambial scrapings produced similar ELISA values.Strategien der Probenahme zur Feststellung des Grapevine fanleaf-Virus und des Tomato ringspot-Virus der RebeDas Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, den Einfluß der Jahreszeit, des Wirtsgenotyps, des Virusisolates und des Pflanzengewebes auf den Nachweis zweier Nepoviren durch ELISA zu bestimmen. Das Virus der Reisigkrankheit (GFLV} und der Erreger der Adernvergilbung bei Reben, das Tomatenringfleckenvirus (TomRSV}, können durch Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) leicht nachgewiesen werden. Drei serologisch identische Isolate von GFLV (verantwortlich für Fächerblättrigkeit, Adernaufhellung und Panaschüre) wurden an einer Sorte von Vitis rupestris SCHEELE und drei Sorten von V. vinifera L., TomRSV wurde an V. vinifera cv. Carignane getestet. Hierbei wurden Triebspitzen, ausgewachsene Blätter und Kambiumschabsel geprüft. Von dormantem GFLV-infiziertem Rebholz wurden untersucht: Sägemehl, Kambiumschabsel, Ruheknospen, sowie aus dem Holz entstandene Triebe, Wurzeln und Kallusgewebe. Die Ergebnisse des ELISA-Tests wurden weder durch die Testrebensorte noch durch das Virusisolat beeinflußt. Mittels ELISA konnten jedoch jahreszeitlich bedingte Unterschiede im GFLV-Titer nachgewiesen werden. Bei den Triebspitzen sanken die Werte von einem Maximum > 4.00 OD450nm im Mai auf ein Minimum von 0.05 OD450nm im September. Auch ausgewachsene Blätter zeigten im Mai die höchsten Werte, die dann rasch auf ein relativ niedriges und gleichbleibendes Niveau zurückgingen. Die ELISA-Werte des Kambiumschabsels blieben während der ganzen Vegetationsperiode relativ hoch und stabil. Beim Test von GFLV-infiziertem dormantem Schnittholz zeigten die induzierten, wachsenden Gewebe die höchsten ELISA-Werte. Die ELISA-Werte für TomRSV blieben während der Vegetationsperiode relativ konstant, und es gab kaum Unterschiede zwischen Triebspitzen, ausgewachsenen Blättern und Kambiumschabsel

Evaluation of the Stability of Coated Plates with Antigen at Different Temperatures and Times by ELISA Test to Diagnose Fasciolosis

"nBackground: Considering that ELISA method presently is the test of choice for diagnosis of fasciolo­sis, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the maximum validity of coated plates at dif­ferent temperatures and different times during one year of evaluation."nMethods: Serum samples of patients infected with fasciolosis (n=10), hydatidosis (n=5), toxocaria­sis (n=5), and negative control sera (n=5) were examined. Two series of plates were consid­ered. The first series were coated with Fasciola homogenate Ag 12 ug/ml, and after some steps were blocked with gelatin and preserved at different temperatures as -80 °C , -20 °C, -4 °C and +4°C. The 2nd series were treated under the same criteria but were not blocked with gelatin. Each series were examined by ELISA test from 1st month to 12th month. Sera with 1:125 dilution, and peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG diluted 1:10000 were considered optimum."nResults: To ease reporting the results and due to many similarities only results related to 1st, 6th and 12th months were analyzed and sensitivity, specificity plus cut-off were determined for each series separately. "nConclusion: Preserving the coated plates, while unblocked at -80°C for 6-8 months is pertinent and functional and in that case, we can be sure the best out put would be applicable

Investigation of Qualitative Condition of Nekarud River and Tajan River by NSFWQI Index

Rivers are exposed to large amounts of impurities. The first step for keeping river water quality and purification of polluted parts is obtaining information on the qualitative changes of river water in dimensions of time and place and also, determination of major sources and various water pollutants. Analysis of measured parameters alone or in combination, give in complete information on water quality because of variety of parameters, samples and stations. WQI is a mathematical and statistical tool for conversion of quantitative values of large quantity of water quality data into single number which presents a simple and understandable tool for qualitative assessment. Samples were collected seasonally from stations at upstream, middle stream and downstream of two rivers in east of Mazandaran province (Nekarud River, Tajan River) in a 2 years interval of 2011-2012 years, and analyzed in laboratory of  Environmental Protection agency of Mazandaran according to standard methods. The values of NSFWQI (water quality index ofAmerica’s national health organization) were calculated for all stations and all of the stations were located on the level of unsuitable conditions. The condition of Tajan River was relatively better than Nekarud River due to lower residential villages and towns around the river

Investigation of Qualitative Condition of Nekarud River and Tajan River by NSFWQI Index

Rivers are exposed to large amounts of impurities. The first step for keeping river water quality and purification of polluted parts is obtaining information on the qualitative changes of river water in dimensions of time and place and also, determination of major sources and various water pollutants. Analysis of measured parameters alone or in combination, give in complete information on water quality because of variety of parameters, samples and stations. WQI is a mathematical and statistical tool for conversion of quantitative values of large quantity of water quality data into single number which presents a simple and understandable tool for qualitative assessment. Samples were collected seasonally from stations at upstream, middle stream and downstream of two rivers in east of Mazandaran province (Nekarud River, Tajan River) in a 2 years interval of 2011-2012 years, and analyzed in laboratory of  Environmental Protection agency of Mazandaran according to standard methods. The values of NSFWQI (water quality index ofAmerica’s national health organization) were calculated for all stations and all of the stations were located on the level of unsuitable conditions. The condition of Tajan River was relatively better than Nekarud River due to lower residential villages and towns around the river

Molecular Identification and Differentiation of Fasciola Isolates Using PCR- RFLP Method Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2)

Background: In this study, we used both ITS1 and ITS2 for molecular identification of Fasciola species.Methods: The region between 18S and 28S of ribosomal DNA was used in PCR-RFLP method for molecular identification of Fasciola species. Ninety trematodes of Fasciola were collected during abattoir inspection from livers of naturally infected sheep and cattle from Khorasan, East Azerbaijan, and Fars provinces in Iran. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed to amplify region ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2. To select a suitable restriction enzyme, we sequenced and ana-lyzed the PCR products of F. hepatica and F. gigantica samples from sheep and cattle. Tsp509I fast digest restriction enzyme was selected for RFLP method that caused the separation specifi-cally of Fasciola species. Results: The fragment approximately 1000bp in all of the Fasciola samples was amplified and then digested with the Tsp509I restriction endonuclease. Seventy F. hepatica and 20 F. gigantica were identified of total 90 Fasciola isolates.Conclusion: The new PCR-RFLP assay using Tsp509I restriction enzyme provides a simple, practical, fast, low cost, and reliable method for identification and differentiation of Fasciola isolates