PERENCANAAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN PANGAN DAERAH

Pertambahan penduduk sejatinya harus juga dibarengi dengan pertambahan jumlah produksi untuk menjaga agar kebutuhan pangan masyarakat tetap terjaga. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan maksud untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian lahan serta menentukan alternatif perencanaan penggunaan lahan untuk pengembangan tanaman jagung, ubi kayu dan kacang tanah di Kecamatan Poleang Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei bebas didasarkan pada unit lahan. Prosedur pelaksanaan survei tanah dilaksanakan dalam beberapa tahap meliputi tahap persiapan, tahap operasi lapangan dan tahap analisis sampel di laboratorium. Perencanaan penggunaan lahan dilakukan berdasarkan evaluasi kemampuan lahan dan besarnya bahaya erosi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan tanaman pangan di Kecamatan Poleang Timur Kabupaten Bombana sesuai untuk dikembangkan khususnya jagung seluas 5271,29 ha (78,04%), ubi kayu seluas 4872,34 ha (72,14%) dan kacang tanah seluas 5020,77 ha (74,33%). Alternatif arahan pengelolaan lahan untuk pengembangan tanaman pangan khususnya jagung, ubi kayu dan kacang tanah di Kecamatan Poleang Timur Kabupaten Bombana dilakukan pada tingkat sedang berupa pemupukan untuk faktor penghambat  ketersediaan hara, penambahan bahan organik dan pengapuran untuk perbaikan faktor penghambat retensi hara, bahaya erosi diatasi dengan usaha konservasi tanah seperti penanaman sesuai kontur, pembuatan teras dan penanaman tanaman penutup tanah, pembuatan saluran irigasi/pengairan untuk penghambat ketersediaan air. Diharapkan dengan adanya penelitian ini mampu memberikan sumbangsih pemikiran dan sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk pemerintah daerah setempat dalam hal penyusunan kebijakan serta untuk masyarakat dalam usaha pengembangan tanaman pangan

Pengaruh Intensitas penggunaan instagram terhadap eksistensi diri pada siswa siswi SMK

Instagram merupakan media sosial yang banyak diminati para remaja. Hal ini dikarenakan instagram lebih fokus pada foto dan video dibandingkan dengan media sosial lainnya. Hal ini memuncukan eksistensi pada setiap pengguna akun instagram lewat foto dan video yang menarik. Terdapat dalah satu faktor eksistensi diri yaitu angka pada akun instagram pengguna. Oleh karena itu hal ini menjadi latar belakang peneliti untuk meneliti. Pada penelitian ini teori yang digunakan yaitu sirkular teori. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh intensitas penggunaan instagram terhadap eksistensi diri pada siswa-siswi SMK Telkom Jakarta. Variabel Independen penelitian ini yaitu intensitas penggunaan instagram, variabel dependen penelitian ini adalah eksistensi diri. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa-siswi di SMK Telkom Jakarta yang aktif menggunakan aplikasi instagram. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 90 responden dengan teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu Formula Slovin. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei dengan menggunakan teknik Analisis Regresi Linear Sederhana. Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intensitas penggunaan instagram berpengaruh secara positif dan kurang signifikan terhadap eksistensi diri, hal ini dapat dilihat dari pengolahan data, angka signifikansi menunjukkan sebesar 0,000 yang berarti < 0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa intensitas penggunaan instagram berpengaruh terhadap eksistensi diri. Atau Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Untuk nilai koefisien determinasi (RSquare) sebesar 0,253 yang mengandung pengertian bahwa pengaruh Intensitas penggunaan instagram terhadap Eksistensi diri adalah sebesar 25,3%, yang berarti termasuk dalam pengaruh kategori rendah

Invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae in Sweden 1997–2009; evidence of increasing incidence and clinical burden of non‐type b strains

Introduction of a conjugated vaccine against encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has led to a dramatic reduction of invasive Hib disease. However, an increasing incidence of invasive disease by H. influenzae non‐type b has recently been reported. Non‐type b strains have been suggested to be opportunists in an invasive context, but information on clinical consequences and related medical conditions is scarce. In this retrospective study, all H. influenzae isolates ( n  =   410) from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in three metropolitan Swedish regions between 1997 and 2009 from a population of approximately 3 million individuals were identified. All available isolates were serotyped by PCR ( n  =   250). We observed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease, ascribed to non‐typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) and encapsulated strains type f (Hif) in mainly individuals >60 years of age. The medical reports from a subset of 136 cases of invasive Haemophilus disease revealed that 48% of invasive NTHi cases and 59% of invasive Hif cases, respectively, met the criteria of severe sepsis or septic shock according to the ACCP/SCCM classification of sepsis grading. One‐fifth of invasive NTHi cases and more than one‐third of invasive Hif cases were admitted to intensive care units. Only 37% of patients with invasive non‐type b disease had evidence of immunocompromise, of which conditions related to impaired humoral immunity was the most common. The clinical burden of invasive non‐type b H. influenzae disease, measured as days of hospitalization/100 000 individuals at risk and year, increased significantly throughout the study period.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87052/1/j.1469-0691.2010.03417.x.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87052/2/CLM_3417_sm_FigS1.pd

Morphine activates neuroinflammation in a manner parallel to endotoxin

Opioids create a neuroinflammatory response within the CNS, compromising opioid-induced analgesia and contributing to various unwanted actions. How this occurs is unknown but has been assumed to be via classic opioid receptors. Herein, we provide direct evidence that morphine creates neuroinflammation via the activation of an innate immune receptor and not via classic opioid receptors. We demonstrate that morphine binds to an accessory protein of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), thereby inducing TLR4 oligomerization and triggering proinflammation. Small-molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and genetic knockout validate the TLR4/MD-2 complex as a feasible target for beneficially modifying morphine actions. Disrupting TLR4/MD-2 protein–protein association potentiated morphine analgesia in vivo and abolished morphine-induced proinflammation in vitro, the latter demonstrating that morphine-induced proinflammation only depends on TLR4, despite the presence of opioid receptors. These results provide an exciting, nonconventional avenue to improving the clinical efficacy of opioids.Xiaohui Wang, Lisa C. Loram, Khara Ramos, Armando J. de Jesus, Jacob Thomas, Kui Cheng, Anireddy Reddy, Andrew A. Somogyi, Mark R. Hutchinson, Linda R. Watkins and Hang Yi

Short Day–Mediated Cessation of Growth Requires the Downregulation of AINTEGUMENTALIKE1 Transcription Factor in Hybrid Aspen

Day length is a key environmental cue regulating the timing of major developmental transitions in plants. For example, in perennial plants such as the long-lived trees of the boreal forest, exposure to short days (SD) leads to the termination of meristem activity and bud set (referred to as growth cessation). The mechanism underlying SD–mediated induction of growth cessation is poorly understood. Here we show that the AIL1-AIL4 (AINTEGUMENTALIKE) transcription factors of the AP2 family are the downstream targets of the SD signal in the regulation of growth cessation response in hybrid aspen trees. AIL1 is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia, and exposure to SD signal downregulates AIL1 expression. Downregulation of AIL gene expression by SDs is altered in transgenic hybrid aspen plants that are defective in SD perception and/or response, e.g. PHYA or FT overexpressors. Importantly, SD–mediated regulation of growth cessation response is also affected by overexpression or downregulation of AIL gene expression. AIL1 protein can interact with the promoter of the key cell cycle genes, e.g. CYCD3.2, and downregulation of the expression of D-type cyclins after SD treatment is prevented by AIL1 overexpression. These data reveal that execution of SD–mediated growth cessation response requires the downregulation of AIL gene expression. Thus, while early acting components like PHYA and the CO/FT regulon are conserved in day-length regulation of flowering time and growth cessation between annual and perennial plants, signaling pathways downstream of SD perception diverge, with AIL transcription factors being novel targets of the CO/FT regulon connecting the perception of SD signal to the regulation of meristem activity

The Lipopolysaccharide from Capnocytophaga canimorsus Reveals an Unexpected Role of the Core-Oligosaccharide in MD-2 Binding

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a usual member of dog's mouths flora that causes rare but dramatic human infections after dog bites. We determined the structure of C. canimorsus lipid A. The main features are that it is penta-acylated and composed of a “hybrid backbone” lacking the 4′ phosphate and having a 1 phosphoethanolamine (P-Etn) at 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (GlcN). C. canimorsus LPS was 100 fold less endotoxic than Escherichia coli LPS. Surprisingly, C. canimorsus lipid A was 20,000 fold less endotoxic than the C. canimorsus lipid A-core. This represents the first example in which the core-oligosaccharide dramatically increases endotoxicity of a low endotoxic lipid A. The binding to human myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) was dramatically increased upon presence of the LPS core on the lipid A, explaining the difference in endotoxicity. Interaction of MD-2, cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) or LPS-binding protein (LBP) with the negative charge in the 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) of the core might be needed to form the MD-2 – lipid A complex in case the 4′ phosphate is not present