Energy Saving in Link Stability Routing Protocol

Because the CPU is a very expensive resource in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is very important to consider the overhead introduced in a routing protocol. Many theories have been hypothesized with the aim of minimizing it. But how much is the energy consumption from a network node’s battery induced by the routing protocol overhead? In a previous work, we dealt with a routing protocol based on link stability (link duration observed in a time interval). In this work, we attempt to hypothesize a model for conserving the battery energy consumed by nodes in a MANET adopting the link stability routing protocol

Extended-spectrum TEM- and SHV- Type beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing Outbreaks in Intensive Care Units in Italy.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESbetaLs) and the epidemiological correlations in a total of 107 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. The strains were collected from patients in four intensive care units (3 neonatal and 1 general) in three hospitals in Italy between March 1996 and July 1997. All strains were found to produce ESbetaLs. Phenotypic (antibiotyping and ESbetaL patterns) and genotypic (plasmid profile and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) analyses showed that a single strain had been responsible for each outbreak in each of the four intensive care units. Isoelectric focusing, activity on substrates and gene sequencing showed that the strains produced SHV-5, SHV-2a, SHV-12 and TEM-52 beta-lactamases. This is not only the first time that ESbetaL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have been reported as causing epidemics in Italian hospitals, it is also, to the best of our knowledge, the first time that an outbreak caused by a TEM-52 ESbetaL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain has been reported. The data presented here illustrate the complexity of determining the epidemiological pattern of ESbetaL producers in large hospitals that do not have an ESbetaL-monitoring program

PV Cell Characteristic Extraction to Verify Power Transfer Efficiency in Indoor Harvesting System

A method is proposed to verify the efficiency of low-power harvesting systems based on Photovoltaic (PV) cells for indoor applications and a Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage (FOCV) technique to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP). It relies on an algorithm to reconstruct the PV cell Power versus Voltage (P-V) characteristic measuring the open circuit voltage and the voltage/current operating point but not the short-circuit current as required by state-of-the-art algorithms. This way the characteristic is reconstructed starting from the two values corresponding to standard operation modes of dc-dc converters implementing the FOCV Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique. The method is applied to a prototype system: an external board is connected between the transducer and the dc-dc converter to measure the open circuit voltage and the voltage/current operating values. Experimental comparisons between the reconstructed and the measured P-V characteristics validate the reconstruction algorithm. Experimental results show the method is able to clearly identify the error between the transducer operating point and the one corresponding to the maximum power transfer, whilst also suggesting corrective action on the programmable factor of the FOCV technique. The proposed technique therefore provides a possible way of estimating MPPT efficiency without sampling the full P-V characteristic

Body anthropometry and bone strength conjointly determine the risk of hip fracture in a sideways fall

We hypothesize that variations of body anthropometry, conjointly with the bone strength, determine the risk of hip fracture. To test the hypothesis, we compared, in a simulated sideways fall, the hip impact energy to the energy needed to fracture the femur. Ten femurs from elderly donors were tested using a novel drop-tower protocol for replicating the hip fracture dynamics during a fall on the side. The impact energy was varied for each femur according to the donor’s body weight, height and soft-tissue thickness, by adjusting the drop height and mass. The fracture pattern, force, energy, strain in the superior femoral neck, bone morphology and microarchitecture were evaluated. Fracture patterns were consistent with clinically relevant hip fractures, and the superior neck strains and timings were comparable with the literature. The hip impact energy (11 – 95 J) and the fracture energy (11 – 39 J) ranges overlapped and showed comparable variance (CV = 69 and 61%, respectively). The aBMD-based definition of osteoporosis correctly classified 7 (70%) fracture/non-fracture cases. The incorrectly classified cases presented large impact energy variations, morphology variations and large subcortical voids as seen in microcomputed tomography. In conclusion, the risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in a sideways fall depends on both body anthropometry and bone strength

A gated oscillator clock and data recovery circuit for nanowatt wake-up and data receivers

This article presents a data-startable baseband logic featuring a gated oscillator clock and data recovery (GO-CDR) circuit for nanowatt wake-up and data receivers (WuRxs). At each data transition, the phase misalignment between the data coming from the analog front-end (AFE) and the clock is cleared by the GO-CDR circuit, thus allowing the reception of long data streams. Any free-running frequency mismatch between the GO and the bitrate does not limit the number of receivable bits, but only the maximum number of equal consecutive bits (Nm). To overcome this limitation, the proposed system includes a frequency calibration circuit, which reduces the frequency mismatch to ±0.5%, thus enabling the WuRx to be used with different encoding techniques up to Nm = 100. A full WuRx prototype, including an always-on clockless AFE operating in subthreshold, was fabricated with STMicroelectronics 90 nm BCD technology. The WuRx is supplied with 0.6 V, and the power consumption, excluding the calibration circuit, is 12.8 nW during the rest state and 17 nW at a 1 kbps data rate. With a 1 kbps On-Off Keying (OOK) modulated input and −35 dBm of input RF power after the input matching network (IMN), a 10^(−3) missed detection rate with a 0 bit error tolerance is measured, transmitting 63 bit packets with the Nm ranging from 1 to 63. The total sensitivity, including the estimated IMN gain at 100 MHz and 433 MHz, is −59.8 dBm and −52.3 dBm, respectively. In comparison with an ideal CDR, the degradation of the sensitivity due to the GO-CDR is 1.25 dBm. False alarm rate measurements lasting 24 h revealed zero overall false wake-ups

Evaluating the freeze–thaw phenomenon in sandwich-structured composites via numerical simulations and infrared thermography

The water ingress phenomenon in sandwich-structured composites used in the aerospace/aeronautical sector is a current issue. This type of defect can cause in the course of time several other defects at the boundary, such as corrosions, deformations, detachments. In fact, water may change its state of physical matter going towards the freeze–thaw cycle caused by the atmosphere re-entry of, e.g. space probes. In this work, the alveoli of a composite laminate have been filled with water, which was initially transformed into ice. By taking into account, the known quantity of water, the freeze–thaw cycle was simulated by Comsol Multiphysics® software, reproducing exactly the shape of the sandwich as well as the real conditions in which it was subsequently subjected in a climatic chamber. The experimental part consisted of monitoring the front side of the specimen by means of a thermal camera operating into the long-wave infrared spectrum, and by setting both the temperature and the relative humidity of the test chamber according to the values imposed during the numerical simulation step. It was found that the numerical and experimental temperature trends are in good agreement with each other since the model was built by following a physico-chemical point-of-view. It was also seen that the application of the independent component thermography (ICT) technique was able both to retrieve the positions of the defects (i.e. the water inclusions) and to characterize the defects in which a detachment (fabricated between the fibres and the resin) is present; the latter was realized above an inclusion caused by the water ingress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that ICT is applied to satisfy this purpose.Postprint (author's final draft

Evaluation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in an Italian setting: Report from the trench

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Application of in vivo micro-computed tomography in the temporal characterisation of subchondral bone architecture in a rat model of low-dose monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/13/6/R210Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, multifactorial joint disease affecting both the cartilage and the subchondral bone. Animal models of OA aid in the understanding of the pathogenesis of OA and testing suitable drugs for OA treatment. In this study we characterized the temporal changes in the tibial subchondral bone architecture in a rat model of low-dose monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA using in vivo micro-computed tomography (CT). Methods: Male Wistar rats received a single intra-articular injection of low-dose MIA (0.2 mg) in the right knee joint and sterile saline in the left knee joint. The animals were scanned in vivo by micro-CT at two, six, and ten weeks post-injection, analogous to early, intermediate, and advanced stages of OA, to assess architectural changes in the tibial subchondral bone. The articular cartilage changes in the tibiae were assessed macroscopically and histologically at ten weeks post-injection. Results: Interestingly, tibiae of the MIA-injected knees showed significant bone loss at two weeks, followed by increased trabecular thickness and separation at six and ten weeks. The trabecular number was decreased at all time points compared to control tibiae. The tibial subchondral plate thickness of the MIA-injected knee was increased at two and six weeks and the plate porosity was increased at all time points compared to control. At ten weeks, histology revealed loss of proteoglycans, chondrocyte necrosis, chondrocyte clusters, cartilage fibrillation, and delamination in the MIA-injected tibiae, whereas the control tibiae showed no changes. Micro-CT images and histology showed the presence of subchondral bone sclerosis, cysts, and osteophytes. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the low-dose MIA rat model closely mimics the pathological features of progressive human OA. The low-dose MIA rat model is therefore suitable to study the effect of therapeutic drugs on cartilage and bone in a non-trauma model of OA. In vivo micro-CT is a non-destructive imaging technique that can track structural changes in the tibial subchondral bone in this animal model, and could also be used to track changes in bone in preclinical drug intervention studies for OA treatments.Geetha Mohan, Egon Perilli, Julia S Kuliwaba, Julia M Humphries, Ian H Parkinson and Nicola L Fazzalar

A Novel Approach for an Integrated Straw tube-Microstrip Detector

We report on a novel concept of silicon microstrips and straw tubes detector, where integration is accomplished by a straw module with straws not subjected to mechanical tension in a Rohacell $^{\circledR}$ lattice and carbon fiber reinforced plastic shell. Results on mechanical and test beam performances are reported on as well.Comment: Accepted by Transactions on Nuclear Science (2005). 11 pages, 9 figures, uses lnfprep.st