Costos de Agencia y Costos de Transacción como Determinantes de la tasa de pago de dividendos en Chile: Extensión

We extend the Maquieira and Danús (1998) study. In doing so, we use the model proposed by Rozeff (1982) to determine dividend payments. This model considers two opposites factors which may explain the dividend payout policy- transaction costs and agency costs. We do a cross sectional analysis on a sample of fifty four Chilean public companies in the Santiago Stock Exchange during the period 1996-2002. We find that dividends signal future growth of the companies. Furthermore, the greater the percentage of shares owned by insiders the higher the dividend payout. Finally, we find that the past growth rate of the companies is negatively associated with the dividend payments.Este artículo extiende el estudio realizado por Maquieira y Danús (1998), utilizando el modelo de decisión de pago de dividendos planteado por Rozeff (1982). Este modelo destaca dos factores opuestos que determinan el pago de dividendos -costos de transacción y costos de agencia. El análisis se basa en un estudio de corte transversal durante el período 1996-2002 para una muestra de 54 sociedades anónimas cotizaron en la Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago. Claramente los resultados muestran que los pagos de dividendos tienen un contenido informacional, mostrando que tasas de crecimiento esperadas mayores están asociadas a mayor pago de dividendos. Asimismo mayor propiedad accionaria de los insiders está asociada a mayores pagos de dividendos. Finalmente, la tasa de crecimiento pasado guarda relación inversa con la tasa de pago de dividendos

Effect of hyperlipidic diets on normal and abnormal aortic valves in the Syrian hamster: A preliminary study

Effect of hyperlipidic diets on normal and abnormal aortic valves in the Syrian hamster: A preliminary study. MC Fernández 1,2, J Moncayo-Arlandi 1, MT Soto 1, MA López-Unzu 1, B Fernández 1,2 and AC Durán 1,2. 1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain. 2 Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Spain. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent human congenital cardiac malformation. It frequently becomes stenotic due to calcification by an atherosclerosis-like process. Hyperlipidic diets have been classically used to induce atherosclerosis in laboratory animals, including Syrian hamsters. The aim here is to evaluate the effect of hyperlipidic diets in hamsters having different incidence of BAVs. We used a unique inbred strain of Syrian hamsters with a high ( 40%) incidence of spontaneous BAV, morphologically similar to that in man, another inbred strain with a low ( 4%) incidence of BAV, and an outbred, second control line, acquired from Charles River Laboratories. Three experimental groups were fed with standard diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol plus 15% butter during five months. In parallel, three control groups were fed with unmodified standard diet. Hyperlipidic diets induced lesions in the aortic valve and ascending aortic wall, i.e. subendothelial lipid deposits, valve sclerosis, and neo-intima in the aorta. We performed a preliminary, qualitative, comparative study of the lesions associated with the different animal populations and valvular phenotypes. Our results indicate that (1) the type and severity of the lesions varied among the three hamster populations, suggesting that genetic factors may be involved; (2) the aortic valve morphology seems not to determine the severity of the valvular lesions. We conclude that our hamster strain with high incidence of BAV is a promising animal model for studies on human aortic stenosis. This work was supported by P10-CTS-6068.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Andalucía Tech. P10-CTS-6068

Domino 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of N-Alkyl-α-Amino Esters with Paraformaldehyde: A Direct Access to α-Hydroxymethyl α-Amino Acids

N-Alkyl-α-amino esters undergo a domino reaction, based on the iminium cation generation, with paraformaldehyde, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the stabilized azometh­ine ylide with another equivalent of formaldehyde. The resulting products are oxazolidines, which can be transformed after hydrolysis into α-hydroxymethyl α-amino acid or its derivatives. The diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was performed using sarcosine (–)-menthyl or (–)-8-phenylmenthyl esters affording the cyclic product with moderate enantiomeric ratio.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2010-20387), FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039), and by the University of Alicante. L.M.C. thanks the MICINN for a FPI fellowship

Gender, mental health and resilience in armed conflict: listening to life stories of internally displaced women in Colombia

For over 60 years, Colombia has endured violent civil conflict forcibly displacing more than 8 million people. Recent efforts have begun to explore mental health consequences of these contexts, with an emphasis on national surveys. To date few Colombian studies explore mental health and well-being from a lived experience perspective. Those that do, overlook processes that enable survival. In response to this gap, we conducted a life history study of seven internally displaced Colombian women in the Cundinamarca department, analysing 18 interview sessions and 36 hours of transcripts. A thematic network analysis, informed by Latin-American perspectives on gender and critical resilience frameworks, explored women’s coping strategies in response to conflict-driven hardships related to mental well-being. Analysis illuminated that: (1) the gendered impacts of the armed conflict on women’s emotional well-being work through exacerbating historical gendered violence and inequality, intensifying existing emotional health challenges, and (2) coping strategies reflect women’s ability to mobilise cognitive, bodied, social, material and symbolic power and resources. Our findings highlight that the sociopolitical contexts of women’s lives are inseparable from their efforts to achieve mental well-being, and the value of deep narrative and historical work to capturing the complexity of women’s experiences within conflict settings. We suggest the importance of social interventions to support the mental health of women in conflict settings, in order to centre the social and political contexts faced by such marginalised groups within efforts to improve mental health

Efficient Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of exo-Nitroprolinates by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoramidite⋅Silver(I) Complexes

Chiral complexes formed by privileged phosphoramidites and silver triflate or silver benzoate are excellent catalysts for the general 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylides generated from α-amino acid-derived imino esters and nitroalkenes affording with high dr the exo-cycloadducts 4,5-trans-2,5-cis-4-nitroprolinates in high ee at room temperature. In general, better results are obtained using silver rather than copper(II) complexes. In many cases the exo-cycloadducts can be obtained in enantiomerically pure form just after simple recrystallization. The mechanism and the justification of the experimentally observed stereodiscrimination of the process are supported by DFT calculations. These enantiomerically enriched exo-nitroprolinates can be used as reagents for the synthesis of nitropiperidines, by ester reduction and ring expansion, which are inhibitors of farnesyltransferase.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2010-20387), FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039abd PROMETEOII/2014/017), and by the University of Alicante. L. M. C. thanks the MICINN for an FPI fellowship. Financial support was provided by the MICINN and FEDER (projects CTQ2010-16959/BQU, and Consolider-Ingenio CSD2007-00006), the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, UFI11/22 QOSYC), the Basque Government (GV/EJ, grant IT-324-07). The authors thank the SGI/IZO-SGIker UPV/EHU and the DIPC for generous allocation of computational resources

Qué es el mercadeo?

Este documento explica el concepto de "mercadeo" y sus elementos básicos. También resalta la importancia que tienen las ventas, los productos y los clientes en una compañíaThis document explains the concept of "marketing" and its basic elements. It also highlights the importance of sales, products and customers in a compan

Enantioselective Synthesis of exo-4-Nitroprolinates from Nitro­alkenes and Azomethine Ylides Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphor­amidite·Silver(I) or Copper(II) Complexes

Chiral complexes formed by privileged phosphoramidites derived from chiral binol and optically pure Davies’ amines, and copper(II) triflate, silver(I) triflate or silver(I) benzoate are excellent catalysts for the general 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between nitroalkenes and azomethine ylides generated from α-amino acid derived imino esters. These three methods can be conducted at room temperature to afford the exo-cycloadducts (4,5-trans-2,5-cis-4-nitroprolinates) with high diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity. In general, the three procedures are complementary but silver catalysts are more versatile and less sensitive to sterically congested starting materials.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2010-20387) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitvidad (MINECO) (CTQ2013-43446P, CTQ2014-51912-REDC), FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039 and 2014/017), and by the University of Alicante. L.M.C. thanks the MICINN for a FPI fellowship. Financial support was also provided by the MICINN and FEDER (projects CTQ2010-16959/BQU), the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, UFI11/22QOSYC) and the Basque Government (GV/EJ, grant IT-324-07)

Phosphoramidite-Cu(OTf)2 complexes as chiral catalysts for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of iminoesters and nitroalkenes

Chiral complexes formed by phosphoramidites such as (Sa,R,R)-9 and Cu(OTf)2 are excellent catalysts for the general 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylides and nitroalkenes affording the corresponding tetrasubstituted proline esters mainly as exo-cycloadducts in high er at room temperature. The exo-cycloadducts can be obtained in enantiomerically pure form just after simple recrystallization. DFT calculations support the stereochemical results.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2010-20387), FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039), and the University of Alicante. L.M.C. thanks the MINECO for an FPI fellowship

Investigación de mercados

Este documento describe que es un estudio de mercados, para qué sirve, cuándo y cómo se haceThis document describes what a market study is, what it is for, when and how it is done.Investigación de mercados – Calzado juvenil – Planeación – Recolección de la información – Organización de la información: volúmenes de ventas -- Análisi