Finite Element Modeling of Masonry Infill Walls Equipped with Structural Fuse

Masonry infill walls in multi-story buildings are intended to function as envelope and partition walls, and without sufficient gaps between the infill and the frame, the infill tends to contribute to lateral seismic load resistance, which can lead to damage. By isolating the infill walls from the frame, vulnerability to damage will be reduced; however, the potential benefit from the strength and stiffness of the infill walls will be lost too. The compromise solution seems to be a controlled engagement of the masonry infill walls by employing a structural fuse concept. In this chapter, initially, a review of the literature on seismic performance of masonry infill walls is presented. This is then followed by explanation of the concept of the masonry infill structural fuse. Then a discussion on experimental tests carried out on different types of fuse elements as well as ¼ scale specimen of frame and infill walls with fuse elements is presented. Finally, the results of finite element computer modeling studies are discussed. The study has found that the concept of using structural fuse elements as sacrificial components in masonry construction is practical and can be given consideration for more refined design and detailing toward practical application

Structural Design of a Typical American Wood-Framed Single-Family Home

Light-wood framing construction techniques have been traditionally used in America for the construction of single-family residences. Dimensional wood lumber is readily available and due to its convenient unit dimension can be packaged neatly and transported to work sites by either commercial transport or personal vehicle. The unit pieces of dimensional lumber are light and easily handled once on the work site. Design of light-framed single-family homes is typically conducted by an architect or construction contractor using prescriptive building codes. A structural engineer can assist, if needed, with design items not within the scope of the building code or if alternative design approaches are required. An owner may choose to involve the engineer to improve quality or economy of the home design. Engineers typically become involved with design items such as foundation design, steel framing design, or engineered product specification. In this chapter, the design of a typical light-framed home is discussed. The main structural assemblies are described and subsequently designed using a combination of prescriptive guidance and engineering design

Evaluation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) somaclonal variants tolerance to salinity in vitro and in vivo cultures

Tissue culture technique was used to obtain salt tolerant variants from embryogenic calli of sugarcane (Saccharum sp. Var. CP48-103) that were cultured on a selective medium containing different levels of NaCl (0, 33, 66, 99 and 132 mM). A total of four plants which regenerated from the tolerant calli were selected but the best in vigor were grown in in vitro and hydroponic systems under salinity stress (with the previous levels) as compared to source variety. With increasing supply of NaCl in both systems, root growth was more adversely affected than shoot growth. Chlorophyll contents showed a decreasing trend and dry matter yield of plants reduced but in a slow rate in tolerant somaclone than source variety. The tissues analysis showed that at high salt concentration, Cl- and Na+ content in shoot and root increased. With rising salt concentration from 0 to 132 mM, content of Cl- in shoot and root of tolerant variant changed and was lower than the parent. In conclusion, this variant probably had lowest genetic ratio of shoot: root chloride due to minimum transport of Cl- from the root to shoot. Also this variant had high content of Ca2+ in shoot and high K+/Na+ ratio at all salinity levels. Thus, it probably has genetic potential to avoid harmful ions accumulation.Key words: Sugarcane, salinity, somaclonal variation, in vivo, in vitro

Wandering Spleen in an Adult Man Associated With the Horseshoe Kidney

Introduction: A wandering spleen occurs when there is a laxity of the ligaments that fix the spleen in its normal anatomical position. Case Presentation: This is a case report of a wandering spleen with horseshoe kidney in a 29-year-old male admitted with acute lower abdominal pain and vomiting to emergency department of Shariati hospital in Isfahan province. Sonographic examination showed a homogeneous 21 × 15 × 8 cm mass in the lower part of the abdomen and pelvis associated with a horseshoe kidney. Laparotomy confirmed the clinical and ultrasound findings. Conclusions: The association of horseshoe kidney with a wandering spleen in this case may be due to an embryological anomaly

Sequence analysis of ORF94 in different white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolates of Iran

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen that causes high mortality in shrimp culture in the whole world. Sequence analysis of WSSV has shown similarity of WSSV isolates in different countries with exception of a few variable genomic loci. This study investigated the sequence variation of some Iranian WSSV isolates and previously identified isolates. Samples were collected during target surveillance and were feed, broodstock, post-larvae, artemia, crabs, and wild and cultured shrimp of northern Persian Gulf (Boushehr and Khuzestan provinces). The open reading frame (ORF) 94 sequence of different Iranian WSSV isolates were amplified using specific primers from positive samples. The ORFs 94 sequence of positive samples were sequenced and registered in the Gene Bank and then compared to other WSSV isolates. The number of repeat units in ORF94 showed that WSSV isolates were varied in number. There are SNPs (G and T) in position 48 of RUs that varies in different Boushehr and Khuzestan isolates. Also these sequences were compared to Gene Bank WSSV isolates and showed a high similarity (>90%) to Southeast Asian countries. To our knowledge this is the first report of sequence analysis in Iranian WSSV isolates applications

Structural Design of a Single-Family Residential Dwelling Using Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

Driven by desire to reduce carbon footprint in building construction that in modern times has relied heavily on masonry and concrete whose production is associated with burning excessive amounts of fuel, use of wood offers the ideal alternative. Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an esthetically pleasing, mass-timber panelized product that offers users a cost-effective, renewable, durable, fire-resistant alternative to traditional building materials, such as masonry, concrete, and light-framing. A significant benefit to developers and community stockholders in the USA is that the raw materials required to produce CLT can be obtained domestically in timber rich rural areas, helping job growth in those areas, shortening supply chains, and reducing reliance on imported materials. The prefabrication process used to fabricate CLT panels provide users of the construction materials access to all the advantages offered by off-site construction methods such as factory quality control, just-in-time delivery, and accelerated construction. In this chapter, the original light-framing system of a traditional style single-family residential dwelling is converted to a panelized CLT structural support system. The chapter provides the basis of design, typical design process, and explains the challenges associated with using the alternative framing system

Effect of nitrogen foliar application in different growth stage on canopy light receiving on 3 polygerm sugar beet yield

An experiment was conducted on three sugar beet cultivars(IC, PP22 and 7233) and different application method of Nitrogen in a RCBD base factorial in three replication in 2005. Results showed that there was significant difference between light receiving in bottom and head of canopy among cultivars. N affected this attribute also. In IC the highest light receiving to bottom and head of canopy and yield in foliar N application at 6-8 leaf stage were 627 PPF, 1198PPF respectively. In soil application and 14-16 leaf stage foliar application of N led to 248 PPF in bottom and 988 PPF in head of canopy, recpectively.In IC the least root yield obtained in foliar application at 14-16 stage as 75/2 ton/ha. In PP22 light receiving to bottom and head of canopy was 472 PPF, 1134 PPF for soil and foliar application at 14-16 leaf stage and yield at that stage was 100 ton/ha. There was a %58 and %21 decreasing in light receiving to bottom and head in 6-8 leaf stage in compare with 14-16 leaf stage, foliar application at 14-16 leaf stage led to root yield increasing as %38 and %42 than soil and 6-8 leaf stage application, respectively. In 7233 cultivar highest light received to bottom was 491 PPF in 14-16 leaf stage which was %17 higher than soil application. The highest light received to head of canopy was 1190 PPF in 6-8 leaf stage foliar application. There wasn’t difference between root yield in different method N application in this cultivar. In spite of N fertilizer application led to increase leaf area and light absorption by plant canopy, there is limited information on the higher rates of N application between cultivars

Identifying the Dimensions & Evaluation of Path Model in Physical Education Course in Primary School

Physical education and sports are the integral part of education in adolescence and is a useful tool that provides opportunities for real life experiences. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of explaining and modeling method is studying physical education in primary schools that was performed by the descriptive survey method. The population sample consisted of 100 elementary school physical education teachers in   IslamShahr on 1391-1392. Research tool was researcher made questionnaire with 30 closed questions. Cronbach's alpha reliability test (Course offered in the game, 0/865, to evaluate 0/912, to compete0.61, class management 60/0 and teaching methods 0/891) was used, Which has been named and classified according to the exploratory analysis. The result showed that there is a meaningful correlation between teaching physical science factors in terms of game, teaching methods evaluation and competitions. In teaching physical science teaching by using game, teaching and completion were factors that teachers pay more attention to them, but the teacher’s class management methods has meaningful relation to students’ completion. So we can suggest our managing suggestion in this regards

Phylogenetic relationships of Iranian Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) based on deduced amino acid sequences of genome segment A and B cDNA

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that affects many species of fish and shellfish. This virus causes economically important diseases of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in Iran which is often associated with the transmission of pathogens from European resources. In this study, moribund rainbow trout fry were collected during an outbreak of IPNV in three different fish farms in one northern province (Mazandaran), and two west provinces (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad) of Iran. We investigated full genome sequence of Iranian IPNV and compared it with previously identified IPNV sequences. The sequences of different structural and non-structural protein genes were compared with other aquatic birnaviruses sequenced to date. Our results showed that the Iranian isolate fall within genogroup 5, serotype A2 strain SP, having 99 % identity with the strain 1146 from Spain. These results suggest that the Iranian isolate may have originated from Europe

A new modified firefly algorithm for optimizing a supply chain network problem

Firefly algorithm is among the nature-inspired optimization algorithms. The standard firefly algorithm has been successfully applied to many engineering problems. However, this algorithm might be stuck in stagnation (the solutions do not enhance anymore) or possibly fall in premature convergence (fall in to the local optimum) in searching space. It seems that both issues could be connected to the exploitation and exploration. Excessive exploitation leads to premature convergence, while excessive exploration slows down the convergence. In this study, the classical firefly algorithm is modified such that make a balance between exploitation and exploration. The purposed modified algorithm ranks and sorts the initial solutions. Next, the operators named insertion, swap and reversion are utilized to search the neighbourhood of solutions in the second group, in which all these operators are chosen randomly. After that, the acquired solutions combined with the first group and the firefly algorithm finds the new potential solutions. A multi-echelon supply chain network problem is chosen to investigate the decisions associated with the distribution of multiple products that are delivered through multiple distribution centres and retailers to end customers and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm