Assessment of Alternative Sinusoidal Rumble Stripe Construction

Studies have shown that rumble strips installed on a roadway significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by lane departures. However, when a vehicle engages the strips, a loud exterior noise is generated in addition to the alerting in-cabin noise. The extraneous exterior noise can travel at least several hundred feet at a volume which is considered a nuisance by nearby residents. In the recent years, a new rumble strip design in the form of a sine wave has been reported to produce low exterior noise, while still providing adequate warnings for drivers. This study evaluated three sinusoidal rumble strips of different wavelengths—12, 18, and 24 inch. The rumble strips were quantitatively compared by measuring the noise inside and outside of the vehicle as well as the vibration of the front seat frame. Results showed that the sound responses varied across the vehicles. From the exterior, all three sinusoidal rumble strips were quieter than the traditional rumble strips, with a reduction in sound power by 5 to 11 dBA. Interior cabin sound level was similar to standard rumble strips, with some cases increasing between 2 and 9 dBA. The retro reflectivity tests also exceed the minimum threshold set by INDOT specifications. Sinusoidal rumbles strips are a promising technology that is well suited for lane departure warning in residential areas. The results from this study suggest that the 12 in wavelength has a desirable decrease in exterior noise while still maintaining adequate lane departure warning to the driver

Leveraging Telematics and Weather Data to Study the Productivity of Roadside Mowers

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of approximately 11,000 centerline miles of state roads, US routes and interstates. Mowing operations along the state rights-of-way to manage vegetation consume considerable resources. Mowing activities are usually reported by daily work orders and it is difficult to obtain quantitative information characterizing the utilization and productivity of the mowing operations. This research uses telematics data from commercial sensors to track the daily activity of seven mowers in the Fort Wayne district. Weather data from NOAA was also captured to estimate the weather related delays. During a one-month period, the mowers collectively covered a total of around 1170 miles and an area of nearly 1800 acres of mowing. Crews worked alternative work schedules with extended hours four days a week. On an average 9.5 hour work day approximately 50% of the time is spent actively mowing. The simple telematics based metrics and visualization graphics proposed in this paper can be used by agencies to evaluate the efficiency of their mowing operations to provide guidance on resource allocation, scheduling, and comparison with alternative contract mowing. The proposed utilization graphics may be of particular interest to agencies as they provide a concise way of communicating to stakeholders the overall efficiency of the mowing operations and can be used to identify opportunities for efficiency improvements

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for cattle stature identifies common genes that regulate body size in mammals

peer-reviewedH.D.D., A.J.C., P.J.B. and B.J.H. would like to acknowledge the Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre for funding. H.P. and R.F. acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the AgroClustEr ‘Synbreed—Synergistic Plant and Animal Breeding’ (grant 0315527B). H.P., R.F., R.E. and K.-U.G. acknowledge the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Süddeutscher Rinderzüchter, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Fleckviehzüchter and ZuchtData EDV Dienstleistungen for providing genotype data. A. Bagnato acknowledges the European Union (EU) Collaborative Project LowInputBreeds (grant agreement 222623) for providing Brown Swiss genotypes. Braunvieh Schweiz is acknowledged for providing Brown Swiss phenotypes. H.P. and R.F. acknowledge the German Holstein Association (DHV) and the Confederación de Asociaciones de Frisona Española (CONCAFE) for sharing genotype data. H.P. was financially supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant PA 2789/1-1). D.B. and D.C.P. acknowledge funding from the Research Stimulus Fund (11/S/112) and Science Foundation Ireland (14/IA/2576). M.S. and F.S.S. acknowledge the Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) for providing the Holstein genotypes. P.S. acknowledges funding from the Genome Canada project entitled ‘Whole Genome Selection through Genome Wide Imputation in Beef Cattle’ and acknowledges WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada for providing computing resources. J.F.T. was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, under awards 2013-68004-20364 and 2015-67015-23183. A. Bagnato, F.P., M.D. and J.W. acknowledge EU Collaborative Project Quantomics (grant 516 agreement 222664) for providing Brown Swiss and Finnish Ayrshire sequences and genotypes. A.C.B. and R.F.V. acknowledge funding from the public–private partnership ‘Breed4Food’ (code BO-22.04-011- 001-ASG-LR) and EU FP7 IRSES SEQSEL (grant 317697). A.C.B. and R.F.V. acknowledge CRV (Arnhem, the Netherlands) for providing data on Dutch and New Zealand Holstein and Jersey bulls.Stature is affected by many polymorphisms of small effect in humans1. In contrast, variation in dogs, even within breeds, has been suggested to be largely due to variants in a small number of genes2,3. Here we use data from cattle to compare the genetic architecture of stature to those in humans and dogs. We conducted a meta-analysis for stature using 58,265 cattle from 17 populations with 25.4 million imputed whole-genome sequence variants. Results showed that the genetic architecture of stature in cattle is similar to that in humans, as the lead variants in 163 significantly associated genomic regions (P < 5 × 10−8) explained at most 13.8% of the phenotypic variance. Most of these variants were noncoding, including variants that were also expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and in ChIP–seq peaks. There was significant overlap in loci for stature with humans and dogs, suggesting that a set of common genes regulates body size in mammals

Graphite-protected CsPbBr3 perovskite photoanodes functionalised with water oxidation catalyst for oxygen evolution in water

Metal-halide perovskites have been widely investigated in the photovoltaic sector due to their promising optoelectronic properties and inexpensive fabrication techniques based on solution processing. Here we report the development of inorganic CsPbBr3-based photoanodes for direct photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution from aqueous electrolytes. We use a commercial thermal graphite sheet and a mesoporous carbon scaffold to encapsulate CsPbBr3 as an inexpensive and efficient protection strategy. We achieve a record stability of 30 h in aqueous electrolyte under constant simulated solar illumination, with currents above 2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE. We further demonstrate the versatility of our approach by grafting a molecular Ir-based water oxidation catalyst on the electrolyte-facing surface of the sealing graphite sheet, which cathodically shifts the onset potential of the composite photoanode due to accelerated charge transfer. These results suggest an efficient route to develop stable halide perovskite based electrodes for photoelectrochemical solar fuel generation

Statewide Wireless Communications Project, Volume 1: Communication Field Tests for Satellite, Cellular, and Spread Spectrum Radio

The Statewide Wireless Communications Project was an umbrella project intended to support various INDOT activities in the area of wireless communications. As these activities were conducted independently the report for the project is organized into three volumes. Volume 1 contains the results of satellite and cellular communications field testing undertaken in support of INDOT’s SiteManager application. Volume 1 also contains the results of an evaluation of spread spectrum radios for long-range communications. Volume 2 contains the results of detection zone evaluation for loop detection of bicycles and the results of testing algorithms for travel time estimation using vehicle re-identification based on inductive and micro-loop signatures. Finally, Volume 3 contains the results of preliminary testing of a vehicle-infrastructure integration application in road condition monitoring. In Volume 1 we found that SiteManager could not be adequately run over a satellite link because the long round trip delay of the communication link negatively interacted with SiteManager’s internal client-server communications protocol to severely reduce overall throughput. A solution to the problem was to use terminal emulation in the field with the client software running on a computer connected to the server via a high bandwidth, low delay link. The downside to the terminal emulation approach is that it requires that the field engineer have a communication link wherever the application is run. In Volume 1 we also found that current generation spread spectrum radio ranges in Indiana topography with antenna heights corresponding to signal arm mounting were on the order of 3 miles. This was too short by a factor of 3 to support a multihop network for traffic signal control and telemetry. In Volume 2 we developed a numerical technique for mapping the bicycle detection zones of loop detectors. A number of recommendations were made concerning loop geometry, depth, detector sensitivity, and pavement markings for purposes of improving bicycle detection. We also developed algorithms for travel time estimation based on vehicle signatures captured from commercially available inductive and micro-loop detector cards. The travel time estimation algorithms were field tested and show promise. In Volume 3 a prototype road condition monitoring system was built upon a passenger van platform and preliminary field testing and data analysis was done. Algorithms were developed to address positional uncertainties present in GPS measurements in order to allow the averaging of data taken in multiple independent runs. The results were also field tested using INDOT’s Laser Profiling vehicl

Statewide Wireless Communications Project, Volume 3: Data Collection and Signal Processing for Improvement of Road Profiling and Proof of Concept of a Vehicle-Infrastructure Based Road Surface Monitoring Application

The Statewide Wireless Communications Project was an umbrella project intended to support various INDOT activities in the area of wireless communications. As these activities were conducted independently the report for the project is organized into three volumes. Volume 1 contains the results of satellite and cellular communications field testing undertaken in support of INDOT’s SiteManager application. Volume 1 also contains the results of an evaluation of spread spectrum radios for long-range communications. Volume 2 contains the results of detection zone evaluation for loop detection of bicycles and the results of testing algorithms for travel time estimation using vehicle re-identification based on inductive and micro-loop signatures. Finally, Volume 3 contains the results of preliminary testing of a vehicle-infrastructure integration application in road condition monitoring. In Volume 1 we found that SiteManager could not be adequately run over a satellite link because the long round trip delay of the communication link negatively interacted with SiteManager’s internal client-server communications protocol to severely reduce overall throughput. A solution to the problem was to use terminal emulation in the field with the client software running on a computer connected to the server via a high bandwidth, low delay link. The downside to the terminal emulation approach is that it requires that the field engineer have a communication link wherever the application is run. In Volume 1 we also found that current generation spread spectrum radio ranges in Indiana topography with antenna heights corresponding to signal arm mounting were on the order of 3 miles. This was too short by a factor of 3 to support a multihop network for traffic signal control and telemetry. In Volume 2 we developed a numerical technique for mapping the bicycle detection zones of loop detectors. A number of recommendations were made concerning loop geometry, depth, detector sensitivity, and pavement markings for purposes of improving bicycle detection. We also developed algorithms for travel time estimation based on vehicle signatures captured from commercially available inductive and micro-loop detector cards. The travel time estimation algorithms were field tested and show promise. In Volume 3 a prototype road condition monitoring system was built upon a passenger van platform and preliminary field testing and data analysis was done. Algorithms were developed to address positional uncertainties present in GPS measurements in order to allow the averaging of data taken in multiple independent runs. The results were also field tested using INDOT’s Laser Profiling vehicle

Statewide Wireless Communications Project, Volume 2: Inductive Loop Detection of Bicycles and Inductive Loop Signature Processing for Travel Time Estimation

The Statewide Wireless Communications Project was an umbrella project intended to support various INDOT activities in the area of wireless communications. As these activities were conducted independently the report for the project is organized into three volumes. Volume 1 contains the results of satellite and cellular communications field testing undertaken in support of INDOT’s SiteManager application. Volume 1 also contains the results of an evaluation of spread spectrum radios for long-range communications. Volume 2 contains the results of detection zone evaluation for loop detection of bicycles and the results of testing algorithms for travel time estimation using vehicle re-identification based on inductive and micro-loop signatures. Finally, Volume 3 contains the results of preliminary testing of a vehicle-infrastructure integration application in road condition monitoring. In Volume 1 we found that SiteManager could not be adequately run over a satellite link because the long round trip delay of the communication link negatively interacted with SiteManager’s internal client-server communications protocol to severely reduce overall throughput. A solution to the problem was to use terminal emulation in the field with the client software running on a computer connected to the server via a high bandwidth, low delay link. The downside to the terminal emulation approach is that it requires that the field engineer have a communication link wherever the application is run. In Volume 1 we also found that current generation spread spectrum radio ranges in Indiana topography with antenna heights corresponding to signal arm mounting were on the order of 3 miles. This was too short by a factor of 3 to support a multihop network for traffic signal control and telemetry. In Volume 2 we developed a numerical technique for mapping the bicycle detection zones of loop detectors. A number of recommendations were made concerning loop geometry, depth, detector sensitivity, and pavement markings for purposes of improving bicycle detection. We also developed algorithms for travel time estimation based on vehicle signatures captured from commercially available inductive and micro-loop detector cards. The travel time estimation algorithms were field tested and show promise. In Volume 3 a prototype road condition monitoring system was built upon a passenger van platform and preliminary field testing and data analysis was done. Algorithms were developed to address positional uncertainties present in GPS measurements in order to allow the averaging of data taken in multiple independent runs. The results were also field tested using INDOT’s Laser Profiling vehicl