Ethno- medicinal studies on barks of some medicinal plants in Marathwada (M. S.), India –I

The Present study provides information regarding the traditional uses of barks of some medicinal plants in Marathwada. Comprehensive ethno medicinal survey conducted in different community blocks of Marathwada region during 2009-2012. It revealed that many plant parts are used as traditional drugs for the treatment of various ailments by the local people. It was also observed that the barks of many plants have high medicinal properties and are used as traditional medicines. Some important such plants are Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp.indica (Benth.) Brenan, Adansonia digitata L.,  Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.  Bauhinia variegata L., Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub., Crateva adansonii Dc. subsp.odora (Buch.Ham.)Jacobs., Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb., Erythrina suberosa Roxb., and Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch

Diversity of flowering plants of Gautala Autramghat reserved forest in Marathwada (M.S.) India

Present study deals with the diversity of Gautala autramghat reserved forest in Marathwada. In order to understand the present status of flowering plants of the area, a survey has been carried out about two years. The main dominant components covering the area are Tectona grandis L.f., Terminalia arjuna W. & A., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., Zizipus mauritiana Lamk., Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub

Addition of some non-indigenous elements to the flora of Marathwada regions, Maharashtra, India.

During our field survey, many taxa were collected from the Marathwada region. Specimens were brought to laboratory and processed for herbarium specimens with standard procedures. Majority of the specimens satisfactory identified by using pertinent literature. After critical investigations, authors found that six taxa are not earlier reported from the region. So present paper deals new records of six species with its correct and updated citation, short description and note on its phenology is depicted for each taxon followed by a note on ecology and images of all for easy identification

Costus pictus D.Don.ex Lindl. new records to flora of Maharashtra, India.

During the field survey in Paithan Tehshil of Aurangabad District some Specimens were collected and identified Costus pictus D.Don ex Lindl which was not recorded for Flora of Maharashtra so far. This paper records them with updated nomenclature, descriptions and note on phenology and Images for its easy identity

Taming the beast: a revised classification of Cortinariaceae based on genomic data

© The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Abstract: Family Cortinariaceae currently includes only one genus, Cortinarius, which is the largest Agaricales genus, with thousands of species worldwide. The species are important ectomycorrhizal fungi and form associations with many vascular plant genera from tropicals to arctic regions. Genus Cortinarius contains a lot of morphological variation, and its complexity has led many taxonomists to specialize in particular on infrageneric groups. The previous attempts to divide Cortinarius have been shown to be unnatural and the phylogenetic studies done to date have not been able to resolve the higher-level classification of the group above section level. Genomic approaches have revolutionized our view on fungal relationships and provide a way to tackle difficult groups. We used both targeted capture sequencing and shallow whole genome sequencing to produce data and to perform phylogenomic analyses of 75 single-copy genes from 19 species. In addition, a wider 5-locus analysis of 245 species, from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, was also done. Based on our results, a classification of the family Cortinariaceae into ten genera—Cortinarius, Phlegmacium, Thaxterogaster, Calonarius, Aureonarius, Cystinarius, Volvanarius, Hygronarius, Mystinarius, and Austrocortinarius—is proposed. Seven genera, 10 subgenera, and four sections are described as new to science and five subgenera are introduced as new combinations in a new rank. In addition, 41 section names and 514 species names are combined in new genera and four lecto- and epitypes designated. The position of Stephanopus in suborder Agaricineae remains to be studied. Targeted capture sequencing is used for the first time in fungal taxonomy in Basidiomycetes. It provides a cost-efficient way to produce -omics data in species-rich groups. The -omics data was produced from fungarium specimens up to 21 years old, demonstrating the value of museum specimens in the study of the fungal tree of life. This study is the first family revision in Agaricales based on genomics data and hopefully many others will soon follow.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Pushing the Frontiers of Biodiversity Research: Unveiling the Global Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation of Fungi

Fungi comprise approximately 20% of all eukaryotic species and are connected to virtually all life forms on Earth. Yet, their diversity remains contentious, their distribution elusive, and their conservation neglected. We aim to flip this situation by synthesizing current knowledge. We present a revised estimate of 2–3 million fungal species with a “best estimate” at 2.5 million. To name the unknown >90% of these by the end of this century, we propose recognition of species known only from DNA data and call for large-scale sampling campaigns. We present an updated global map of fungal richness, highlighting tropical and temperate ecoregions of high diversity. We call for further Red List assessments and enhanced management guidelines to aid fungal conservation. Given that fungi play an inseparable role in our lives and in all ecosystems, and considering the fascinating questions remaining to be answered, we argue that fungi constitute the next frontier of biodiversity research

Type studies and fourteen new North American species of Cortinarius section Anomali reveal high continental species diversity

Section is a species-rich group in North America belonging to , the most diverse genus in the Agaricales. This study is based on extensive morphological investigations and molecular methods using 191 nrDNA ITS sequence data and recovered 43 phylogenetic species from which 14 are described here as new to science. We sequenced ten type materials which belonged to eight species. The synonymy of with and with is proposed here. The North American occurrence of four species ( , , , and ), so far known only from Europe, was confirmed. Thirteen species were not formally described here due to lack of relevant information. An identification key to the known species in North America is provided

How representative of a general type 2 diabetes population are patients included in cardiovascular outcome trials with SGLT2 inhibitors? A large European observational study

Aims: Enrollment criteria vary substantially among cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), which impacts the relationship between a trial population and the general type 2 diabetes (T2D) population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the representativeness of four SGLT-2i CVOTs of a general T2D population. Methods: T2D patients from Germany, The Netherlands, Norway and Sweden were included in the study. Given the available data per country, key inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined by diagnoses, procedures and drug treatments to facilitate comparability among countries. Representativeness was determined by dividing the number of patients fulfilling the key enrolment criteria of each CVOT (CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, VERTIS-CV) by the total T2D population. Results: In 2015, a total T2D population of 803 836 patients was identified in Germany (n = 239 485), in The Netherlands (n = 36 213), in Norway (n = 149 782) and in Sweden (n = 378 356). These populations showed a 25% to 44% cardiovascular (CV) disease baseline prevalence and high CV-preventive drug use (>80%). The general T2D population had less prevalent CV disease and patients were slightly older than those included in the CVOTs. The DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial had the highest representativeness, 59% compared to the general T2D population, and this representativeness was almost 2-, 3- and 4-fold higher compared to the CANVAS (34%), EMPA-REG OUTCOME (21%) and VERTIS-CV (17%) trials, respectively. Conclusions: In large T2D populations within Europe, consistent patterns of representativeness of CVOTs were found when applying the main enrolment criteria. The DECLARE-TMI 58 trial had the highest representativeness, indicating that it included and examined patients who are most representative of the general T2D patients in the studied countries

NP-Completeness Results for Graph Burning on Geometric Graphs

Graph burning runs on discrete time steps. The aim is to burn all the vertices in a given graph in the least number of time steps. This number is known to be the burning number of the graph. The spread of social influence, an alarm, or a social contagion can be modeled using graph burning. The less the burning number, the faster the spread. Optimal burning of general graphs is NP-Hard. There is a 3-approximation algorithm to burn general graphs where as better approximation factors are there for many sub classes. Here we study burning of grids; provide a lower bound for burning arbitrary grids and a 2-approximation algorithm for burning square grids. On the other hand, burning path forests, spider graphs, and trees with maximum degree three is already known to be NP-Complete. In this article we show burning problem to be NP-Complete on connected interval graphs, permutation graphs and several other geometric graph classes as corollaries.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure