Analytical Tableaux for da Costa's Hierarchy of Paraconsistent Logics

AbstractIn this paper we present a new hierarchy of analytical tableaux systems TNDCn,1≤n<ω, for da Costa's hierarchy of propositional paraconsistent logics Cn,1≤n<ω. In our tableaux formulation, we introduce da Costa's “ball” operator “∘”, the generalized operators “k” and “(k)”, and the negations “∼k”, for k≥1, as primitive operators, differently to what has been done in the literature, where these operators are usually defined operators. We prove a version of Cut Rule for the TNDCn,1≤n<ω, and also prove that these systems are logically equivalent to the corresponding systems Cn,1≤n<ω. The systems TNDCn constitute completely automated theorem proving systems for the systems of da Costa's hierarchy Cn,1≤n<ω.33This paper corresponds to part of the results of the Doctorate Thesis of the second author, presented at UNICAMP in June, 2004. Previous versions of these results were presented in the “III World Congress on Paraconsistency”, held in July, 2003; and in the “XII Latin American Symposium on Mathematical Logic”, held in January, 2004. This is a reduced version of a paper accepted for publication by the Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics. The research was partially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil

The Defense Cannot Rest: The Impact of Funding for Indigent Defense Services on Incarceration Rates

Since the landmark decision of Gideon vs Wainwright in the Supreme Court in 1963, free legal counsel for indigent clients has been required for every state in the United States. However, the reality looks very different than this ideal with indigent defense services across the country being under-resourced, under-funded and forgotten by many other than those that require their services. This is happening in conjunction with the explosion of incarceration rates throughout the United States. This study aims to explain the relationship between the levels of funding provided for indigent defense services and the rates of incarceration. Using a multi-variate regression my study tests the per-capita funding for indigent defense services compared to the incarceration rates for 49 states and every county in Pennsylvania. This study found for half of the results that a higher level of funding for indigent defense services does lead to a lower incarceration rate

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario de escala formativa para valorar las competencias transversales de estudiantes universitarios. Una propuesta para dispositivos móviles basada en android

Aquesta investigació té com a objectiu principal, oferir un instrument diagnòstic de valoració de competències transversals, que permeti conèixer el grau de percepció dels estudiants universitaris en relació amb les seves competències transversals. Per a l'administració d'aquest instrument es proposa el desenvolupament d'una aplicació per a telèfons mòbils intel·ligents amb sistema operatiu Android. La validesa d'aquest instrument diagnòstic, s'ha dut a terme a partir de l'aplicació dels criteris d'avaluació de constructes formatius, en concordança amb les tècniques PLS dels models d'equacions estructurals, corresponents al camp de l'estadística multivariant. Per tant, la metodologia d'investigació es basa en un procés d'exploració, que ha combinat diverses tècniques de recollida d'informació tant de caràcter qualitatiu com quantitatiu. En aquest sentit, s'espera llavors que la seva aplicació futura pugui contribuir amb el desenvolupament dels dissenys curriculars dels plans d'estudi de les diferents titulacions, convertir-se en informació rellevant per al desenvolupament de noves propostes docents i servir com a orientació dels mateixos estudiants respecte a la titulació escollida.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal, ofrecer un instrumento diagnóstico de valoración de competencias transversales, que permita conocer el grado de percepción de los estudiantes universitarios en relación con sus competencias transversales. Para la administración de este instrumento se propone el desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles inteligentes con sistema operativo Android. La validez de este instrumento diagnóstico, se ha llevado a cabo a partir de la aplicación de los criterios de evaluación de constructos formativos, en concordancia con las técnicas PLS de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, correspondientes al campo de la estadística multivariante. Por tanto, la metodología de investigación se basa en un proceso de exploración, que ha combinado varias técnicas de recogida de información tanto de carácter cualitativo como cuantitativo. En este sentido, se espera entonces que su aplicación futura pueda contribuir con el desarrollo de los diseños curriculares de los planes de estudio de las diferentes titulaciones, convertirse en información relevante para el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas docentes y servir como orientación de los propios estudiantes respecto a la titulación elegida.This research has as main objective to provide a diagnostic tool for assessing general skills which allows to know the degree of perception of university students in relation to their transferable skills. For the administration of this instrument to develop an app for smart phones with Android operating system is proposed. The validity of this diagnostic tool has been carried out from the application of formative evaluation criteria constructs, in accordance with the PLS techniques structural models corresponding to the field of multivariate statistical equations. Therefore, the research methodology is based on a process of exploration, which has combined several techniques for gathering information both qualitative and quantitative. In this sense, is then expected that future application can contribute to the development of curricular designs curricula of different degrees, into information necessary for the development of new proposals serve as guidance teachers and the students themselves regarding the degree chosen

The simplicity bubble effect as a zemblanitous phenomenon in learning systems

The ubiquity of Big Data and machine learning in society evinces the need of further investigation of their fundamental limitations. In this paper, we extend the ``too-much-information-tends-to-behave-like-very-little-information'' phenomenon to formal knowledge about lawlike universes and arbitrary collections of computably generated datasets. This gives rise to the simplicity bubble problem, which refers to a learning algorithm equipped with a formal theory that can be deceived by a dataset to find a locally optimal model which it deems to be the global one. However, the actual high-complexity globally optimal model unpredictably diverges from the found low-complexity local optimum. Zemblanity is defined by an undesirable but expected finding that reveals an underlying problem or negative consequence in a given model or theory, which is in principle predictable in case the formal theory contains sufficient information. Therefore, we argue that there is a ceiling above which formal knowledge cannot further decrease the probability of zemblanitous findings, should the randomly generated data made available to the learning algorithm and formal theory be sufficiently large in comparison to their joint complexity

Big Data: truth, quasi-truth or post-truth?

In this paper we investigate if sentences presented as the result of the application of statistical models and artificial intelligence to large volumes of data – the so-called ‘Big Data’ – can be characterized as semantically true, or as quasi-true, or even if such sentences can only be characterized as probably quasi-false and, in a certain way, post-true; that is, if, in the context of Big Data, the representation of a data domain can be configured as a total structure, or as a partial structure provided with a set of sentences assumed to be true, or if such representation cannot be configured as a partial structure provided with a set of sentences assumed to be true

Characterization of Telehealth Use in Veterans with Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders

BACKGROUND: Individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) require frequent interdisciplinary health care to address impairments in mobility, autonomic functions, and secondary complications. Telehealth has the capacity to substantially transform healthcare delivery and improve care by increasing access and communication. However, relatively little is known about telehealth use in this specific population. Here, we attempt to fill part of this gap. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency and characteristics associated with telehealth use in Veterans with SCI/D. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive project SETTING: Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities. Participants: 15,028 Veterans living with SCI/D whom received services from the VHA SCI/D System of Care. Intervention: Not applicable Outcome Measures: Frequency and characteristics associated with VHA telehealth utilization. Results: Of the 15,028 Veterans with SCI/D included in the evaluation, 17% used some form of telehealth in VHA Fiscal Year (FY)2017. Veterans over the age of 65 had lower odds (OR = 0.88, p \u3c 0.05, CI: 0.80-0.98) of using telehealth. Being Caucasian (OR = 1.29, p \u3c 0.01, CI: 1.09-1.52), living in rural areas (OR =1.16, p \u3c 0.01, CI: 1.05-1.28), living greater distances away from the VHA (p \u3c 0.01 for all distances), and being in priority group 8, meaning that Veterans have higher copayment requirements (OR=1.46, p \u3c 0.001, CI: 1.19-1.81), were all significantly associated with greater odds of telehealth use. The most frequent types of telehealth used were real-time clinical video and store-and-forward between a provider and patient within the same hub network. Conclusion: There are opportunities to increase telehealth adoption in the SCI/D arena. The findings from this project highlight which Veterans are currently using telehealth services, as well as gaps regarding telehealth adoption in this population

Graft Immune Cell Composition Associates with Clinical Outcome of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with AML

Complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been attributed to immune cells transferred into the patient with the graft. However, a detailed immune cell composition of the graft is usually not evaluated. In the present study, we determined the level of variation in the composition of immune cells between clinical HSCT grafts and whether this variation is associated with clinical outcome. Sizes of major immune cell populations in 50 clinical grafts from a single HSCT Centre were analyzed using flow cytometry. A statistical comparison between cell levels and clinical outcomes of HSCT was performed. Overall survival, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), and relapse were used as the primary endpoints. Individual HSCT grafts showed considerable variation in their numbers of immune cell populations, including CD123(+) dendritic cells and CD34(+) cells, which may play a role in GVHD. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who developed aGVHD were transplanted with higher levels of effector CD3(+) T, CD19(+) B, and CD123(+) dendritic cells than AML patients without aGVHD, whereas grafts with a high CD34(+) content protected against aGVHD. AML patients with cGVHD had received grafts with a lower level of monocytes and a higher level of CD34(+) cells than those without cGVHD. There is considerable variation in the levels of immune cell populations between HSCT grafts, and this variation is associated with outcomes of HSCT in AML patients. A detailed analysis of the immune cell content of the graft can be used in risk assessment of HSCT

Pragmatic Nonsense

Inspired by the early Wittgenstein’s concept of nonsense (meaning that which lies beyond the limits of language), we define two different, yet complementary, types of nonsense: formal nonsense and pragmatic nonsense. The simpler notion of formal nonsense is initially defined within Tarski’s semantic theory of truth; the notion of pragmatic nonsense, by its turn, is formulated within the context of the theory of pragmatic truth, also known as quasi-truth, as formalized by da Costa and his collaborators. While an expression will be considered formally nonsensical if the formal criteria required for the assignment of any truth-value (whether true, false, pragmatically true, or pragmatically false) to such sentence are not met, a (well-formed) formula will be considered pragmatically nonsensical if the pragmatic criteria (inscribed within the context of scientific practice) required for the assignment of any truth-value to such sentence are not met. Thus, in the context of the theory of pragmatic truth, any (well-formed) formula of a formal language interpreted on a simple pragmatic structure will be considered pragmatically nonsensical if the set of primary sentences of such structure is not well-built, that is, if it does not include the relevant observational data and/or theoretical results, or if it does include sentences that are inconsistent with such data

Donor genetic determinant of thymopoiesis, rs2204985, and stem cell transplantation outcome in a multipopulation cohort

\ua9 2024 The Author(s)Background: A genetic polymorphism, rs2204985, has been reported to be associated with the diversity of T-cell antigen receptor repertoire and TREC levels, reflecting the function of the thymus. As the thymus function can be assumed to be an important factor regulating the outcome of stem cell transplantation (SCT), it was of great interest that rs2204985 showed a genetic association to disease-free and overall survival in a German SCT donor cohort. Tools to predict the outcome of SCT more accurately would help in risk assessment and patient safety. Objective: To evaluate the general validity of the original genetic association found in the German cohort, we determined genetic associations between rs2204985 and the outcome of SCT in 1,473 SCT donors from four different populations. Study design: Genetic associations between rs2204985 genotype AA versus AG/GG and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in 1,473 adult, allogeneic SCT from Finland, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Poland were performed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. We adjusted the survival models with covariates using Cox regression. Results: In unrelated SCT donors (N = 425), the OS of genotype AA versus AG/GG had a trend for a similar association (p = 0.049, log-rank test) as previously reported in the German cohort. The trend did not remain significant in the Cox regression analysis with covariates. No other associations were found. Conclusion: Weak support for the genetic association between rs2204985, previously also associated with thymus function, and the outcome of SCT could be found in a cohort from four populations