Effects of Levamisole on Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

In this study, activation of phagocytic cells was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) exposed to 1, 5 and 10 μg ml-1 concentrations of levamisole solution. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from fish on days 1, 7 and 14 of exposure. Potential killing activity was determined by measuring oxidative radical production and phagocytic activity of neutrophils and superoxide anion production of phagocytic cells against Y. ruckeri. The activity of phagocytic cells in fish exposed to each of three concentrations was found higher than that in controls and the differences were statistically significant (p p -1 concentration of levamisole solution was determined on day 7, it was observed that all indicators increased on day 14 of exposure. The present results suggest that the application of levamisole in fish farms could increase non-specific immunity and resistance to infection of fish and offer economics benefits

Does Export or Import More Effective on Turkish Growth Dynamics?

Bu çalışmada, ihracat ve ithalat yönlü büyüme hipotezleri çerçevesinde, 1989-2007 döneminde, Türkiye'nin GSYİH'sının büyüme dinamiğine ihracat ve ithalatın katkısı araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; daralma döneminden genişleme dönemine geçerken ihracat baskın rol oynamaktadır, ekonomi genişleme döneminde iken bu sürecin sürdürülmesinde ihracat ve ithalat birlikte katkı sağlamaktadır ve ihracatın ve ithalatın söz konusu katkıları azalma eğilimindedir.AbstractIn this study, the scope of export and import oriented growth hypothesis, export and imports' contribution to the dynamic of the Turkish GDP Growth have been investigated during the period between 1989 and 2007. According to the diagnoses which are found, export plays a dominant role while the economy is shifting from ressesion mode to expanding period. In order to continue this process, export and import together provides a great amount of contribution, while the contributions of export and import tend to decrease during the expanding period

Evaluation of skin dose associated with different frequencies of bolus applications in post-mastectomy three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The study aimed to calculate chest-wall skin dose associated with different frequencies of bolus applications in post-mastectomy three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and to provide detailed information in the selection of an appropriate bolus regimen in this clinical setting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>CT-Simulation scans of 22 post-mastectomy patients were used. Chest wall for clinical target volume (CTV) and a volume including 2-mm surface thickness of the chest wall for skin structures were delineated. Precise PLAN 2.11 treatment planning system (TPS) was used for 3D-CRT planning. 50 Gy in 25 fractions were prescribed using tangential fields and 6-MV photons. Six different frequencies of bolus applications (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) were administered. Cumulative dose-volume histograms were generated for each bolus regimen. The minimum, maximum and mean skin doses associated with the bolus regimens were compared. To test the accuracy of TPS dose calculations, experimental measurements were performed using EBT gafchromic films.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean, minimum and maximum skin doses were significantly increased with increasing days of bolus applications (p < 0.001). The minimum skin doses for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of bolus applications were 73.0% ± 2.0%, 78.2% ± 2.0%, 83.3% ± 1.7%, 88.3% ± 1.6%, 92.2% ± 1.7%, and 93.8% ± 1.8%, respectively. The minimum skin dose increments between 20 and 25 (1.6% ± 1.0%), and 15 and 20 (4.0% ± 1.0%) days of bolus applications were significantly lower than the dose increments between 0 and 5 (5.2% ± 0.6%), 5 and 10 (5.1% ± 0.8%), and 10 and 15 (4.9% ± 0.8%) days of bolus applications (p < 0.001). The maximum skin doses for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of bolus applications were 110.1% ± 1.1%, 110.3% ± 1.1%, 110.5% ± 1.2%, 110.8% ± 1.3%, 111.2% ± 1.5%, and 112.2% ± 1.7%, respectively. The maximum skin dose increments between 20 and 25 (1.0% ± 0.6%), and 15 and 20 (0.4% ± 0.3%) days of bolus applications were significantly higher than the dose increments between 0 and 5 (0.2% ± 0.2%), 5 and 10 (0.2% ± 0.2%), and 10 and 15 (0.2% ± 0.2%) days of bolus applications (p ≤ 0.003). The TPS overestimated the near-surface dose 10.8% at 2-mm below the skin surface.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In post-mastectomy 3D-CRT, using a 1-cm thick bolus in up to 15 of the total 25 fractions increased minimum skin doses with a tolerable increase in maximum doses.</p

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new schiff bases having the -SiOR group (R = CH (3) or CH2CH3), and their transition metal complexes

WOS: 000232626900019Two new Schiff base ligands containing -SiOCH3 or -SiOCH2CH3 groups, 4-{[(3-trimethoxysilanepropyl)imino] methyl} benzene-1,3-diol (1) Hmsb and 4-{[(3-triethoxysilanepropyl)imino]methyl} benzene-1,3-diol (5) Hesb, have been synthesized by the reaction of 2,4- dihydroxybenzaldehyde with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Six new transition metal [Cu-II, Ni-II and Co-II] complexes of these Schiff Base ligands were prepared. The complexes are formed by coordination of N, O atoms of the ligands. Their structures were confirmed by elemental analyses, H-1 nmr, i.r. and u.v.-vis. spectral data. The analytical data shows that the metal-to-ligand ratio in the Schiff Base complexes contains silane in 1:2. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of (1) Hmsb and (5) Hesb Schiff ligands, and their [M(msb)(2)] and [M(esb)(2)] type coordination compounds, were investigated

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new Schiff bases having the -SiOR group (R = CH 3 or CH 2 CH 3 ), and their transition metal complexes

Two new Schiff base ligands containing -SiOCH 3 or -SiOCH 2 CH 3 groups, 4-{[(3-trimethoxysilanepropyl)imino]methyl} benzene-1,3-diol (1) Hmsb and 4-{[(3-triethoxysilanepropyl)imino]methyl}benzene- 1,3-diol (5) Hesb, have been synthesized by the reaction of 2,4- dihydroxybenzaldehyde with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Six new transition metal [Cu II , Ni II and Co II complexes of these Schiff Base ligands were prepared. The complexes are formed by coordination of N, O atoms of the ligands. Their structures were confirmed by elemental analyses, 1 H nmr, i.r. and u.v.-vis. spectral data. The analytical data shows that the metal-to-ligand ratio in the Schiff Base complexes contains silane in 1:2. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of (1) Hmsb and (5) Hesb Schiff ligands, and their [M(msb) 2 ] and [M(esb) 2 ] type coordination compounds, were investigated. © Springer 2005

Novel vic-dioximes: Synthesis, complexation with transition metal ions, spectral studies and biological activity

A novel, substituted disodium-4-hydroxy-5-{[(1E,2E)-N-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyimino)ethanimidoyl]amino}naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate vic-dioxime ligand (LH2) was synthesized from 4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt and (E,E)-monochloroglyoxime at room temperature. The mononuclear CuII, NiII, ZnII and CdII complexes of this vic-dioxime ligand were prepared and their structures confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and UV-visible spectroscopy; the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the LH2 ligand (1) were also recorded. The oxime ligand, LH2, acts as a bidentate ligand bending through nitrogen atoms in the presence of base. Elemental analyses indicated that the ligand:metal ratio was 2:1 in the cases of CuII and NiII complexes and 1:1 in the cases of ZnII and CdII complexes. The ligand was screened for its antimicrobial activity against the fungi Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor pusillus and this was compared to that of metal complexes derived from it. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Creation of digital maps and determination of biogas energy potential of some agricultural wastes in Kahramanmaras

Günümüzde fosil yakıtların gittikçe azalması, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemini arttırmıştır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biri de biyogazdır. Biyogazın üretim ve kullanılması; bitkisel ve hayvansal atıklardan kaynaklanan çevre problemleri de göz önüne alındığında, sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, TUIK 2014 verileri kullanılarak, Kahramanmaraş ili bazında hayvansal ve bazı bitkisel atıkların biyogaz potansiyeli belirlenerek haritalandırılmış ve konuya ilişkin yerel ölçekte sürdürülebilir çözümler oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. İl genelinde tarımsal atıklardan elde edilebilecek yıllık toplam biyogaz enerji potansiyeli 2 177 TJ/yıl’dır. Bu enerjinin yaklaşık %95’ini hayvansal atıklar oluşturmaktadır. Biyogaz enerjisinin ilçelere göre dağılımı, büyükten küçüğe doğru sırasıyla; Elbistan, Afşin, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu, Dulkadiroğlu, Onikişubat, Göksun, Andırın, Ekinözü, Çağlayancerit ve Nurhak şeklindedir.Nowadays, the ever-decreaasing of fossils fuel has increased the importance of renewable energy sources. Biogas is one of the renewable energy sources. The production and use of biogas, considering the environmental problems resulting from plant and animal waste, is of great importance in terms of sustainable development. In this study, using data from TUIK 2014, on the basis of Kahramanmaras, the biogas potential of animal and some vegetable waste has been mapped and identified and, at the local level, sustainable solutions regarding this issue have been pursued. The total annual energy potential of biogas that can be obtained from agricultural waste throughout the province is about 2 177 TJ/ year. Approximately %95 of the energy consists of animal wastes. The distribution of biogas energy to the districts, from the largest to the smallest, are as follows: Elbistan, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu, Dulkadiroğlu, Onikişubat, Göksun, Andırın, Ekinözü, Çağlayancerit and Nurhak