Некоторые особенности структурной лингвистики XX века

En el presente artículo se analiza la teoría fonológica en la lingü.stica estructural europea y rusa, se presta atención especial a los rasgos específi cos del estructuralismo de esta región del mundo. Se estudian las investigaciones clave en el estructuralismo ruso que están dedicadas a los problemas diácronicos y al aspecto léxico-semántico del estudio de la lengua.Русистика внесла в разработку структурализма много нового в исследовании теории фонем, ставшей затем фонологической теорией в мировой структурной лингвистике. Русский структурализм уделял постоянное внимание, наряду с синхронным исследованием языка, и диахроническим проблемам, а также лексико-семантическому аспекту изучения языка. Принимая даже некоторые идеи и методы европейского структурализма, русский структурализм сохранял и исходил из специфических особенностей и традиций русистики. Ключевые слова: структурализм, русистика, диахрония, синхрония, лексико-семантический аспект

КУЛЬТУРНОЕ КОДИРОВАНИЕ И ЯЗЫКОВАЯ СИМВОЛИКА В РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The article is devoted to the cultural coding and liguistic symbols in the Russian and the Englishlanguages. First of all symbols are investtigated in association with different things, natural phenomena,etc., which substitute something concrete in the languages. Linguic symbols are studied in conjunction withsome things operating with different words. Investigated in the article “code of culture” is considered to bean unwritten statute, created within any community.В статье cимвол рассматривается в ассоциации, прежде всего, с предметом, явлением природы как что-то, заменяющее что-либо конкретное. Языковые символы соотносятся с предметами, но действуют они не изолированно, как обычные символы, а в окружении других слов. В статье мы рассматриваем “код культуры” - своего рода неписаный закон, выработанный в пределах того или иного культурного сообщества

Оценка денотата и выбор образа в русской и английской фразеологии

The article is devoted to the semantics of the phraseological meaning and its realization in the processb of using a phraseological unit. The authors analyze the material of the Russian and English phraseology with the aim of determining the connection between the phraseological image and evaluative part of the phraseological meaning. The authors state that the figurative semantic component of the phraseological unit is connected with evaluation and its emotive component.Статья посвящена семантике фразеологического значения и её реализации в процессе использования фразеологической единицы на  материале русской  и  английской фразеологии  с  целью  определения связи фразеологического образа и оценки. Авторы приходят к выводу, что семантический компонент фразеологической единицы связан с оценкой и его эмотивностью

The high-pressure phase of boron, {\gamma}-B28: disputes and conclusions of 5 years after discovery

{\gamma}-B28 is a recently established high-pressure phase of boron. Its structure consists of icosahedral B12 clusters and B2 dumbbells in a NaCl-type arrangement (B2){\delta}+(B12){\delta}- and displays a significant charge transfer {\delta}~0.5- 0.6. The discovery of this phase proved essential for the understanding and construction of the phase diagram of boron. {\gamma}-B28 was first experimentally obtained as a pure boron allotrope in early 2004 and its structure was discovered in 2006. This paper reviews recent results and in particular deals with the contentious issues related to the equation of state, hardness, putative isostructural phase transformation at ~40 GPa, and debates on the nature of chemical bonding in this phase. Our analysis confirms that (a) calculations based on density functional theory give an accurate description of its equation of state, (b) the reported isostructural phase transformation in {\gamma}-B28 is an artifact rather than a fact, (c) the best estimate of hardness of this phase is 50 GPa, (d) chemical bonding in this phase has a significant degree of ionicity. Apart from presenting an overview of previous results within a consistent view grounded in experiment, thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, we present new results on Bader charges in {\gamma}-B28 using different levels of quantum-mechanical theory (GGA, exact exchange, and HSE06 hybrid functional), and show that the earlier conclusion about significant degree of partial ionicity in this phase is very robust

SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY BLUE-GREEN ALGAE Spirulina platensis

Kalabegishvili T. et al. E14-2012-31 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Blue-Green Algae Spirulina platensis The synthesis of gold nanoparticles by one of the many popular microorganisms Å blue-green algae Spirulina platensis was studied. The complex of optical and analytical methods was applied for investigation of experimental samples after exposure to chloroaurate (HAuCl4) solution at different doses and for different time intervals. To characterize formed gold nanoparticles UV-vis, TEM, SEM, EDAX, and XRD were used. It was shown that after 1.5Ä2 days of exposure the extracellular formation of nanoparticles of spherical form and the distribution peak within the interval of 20Ä30 nm took place. To determine gold concentrations in the Spirulina platensis biomass, neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were applied. The results obtained evidence that the concentration of gold accumulated by Spirulina biomass is rapidly growing in the beginning, followed by some increase for the next few days. The obtained substance of Spirulina biomass with gold nanoparticles may be used for medical, pharmaceutical, and technological purposes. The investigation has been performed a

Thermodynamic model of hardness: Particular case of boron-rich solids

A number of successful theoretical models of hardness have been developed recently. A thermodynamic model of hardness, which supposes the intrinsic character of correlation between hardness and thermodynamic properties of solids, allows one to predict hardness of known or even hypothetical solids from the data on Gibbs energy of atomization of the elements, which implicitly determine the energy density per chemical bonding. The only structural data needed is the coordination number of the atoms in a lattice. Using this approach, the hardness of known and hypothetical polymorphs of pure boron and a number of boron-rich solids has been calculated. The thermodynamic interpretation of the bonding energy allows one to predict the hardness as a function of thermodynamic parameters. In particular, the excellent agreement between experimental and calculated values has been observed not only for the room- temperature values of the Vickers hardness of stoichiometric compounds, but also for its temperature and concentration dependencies

The first hominin of Europe

The earliest hominin occupation of Europe is one of the most debated topics in palaeoanthropology. However, the purportedly oldest of the Early Pleistocene sites in Eurasia lack precise age control and contain stone tools rather than human fossil remains(1-5). Here we report the discovery of a human mandible associated with an assemblage of Mode 1 lithic tools and faunal remains bearing traces of hominin processing, in stratigraphic level TE9 at the site of the Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Spain(6-8). Level TE9 has been dated to the Early Pleistocene ( approximately 1.2 - 1.1 Myr), based on a combination of palaeomagnetism, cosmogenic nuclides and biostratigraphy. The Sima del Elefante site thus emerges as the oldest, most accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe, to our knowledge. The study of the human mandible suggests that the first settlement of Western Europe could be related to an early demographic expansion out of Africa. The new evidence, with previous findings in other Atapuerca sites ( level TD6 from Gran Dolina(9-13)), also suggests that a speciation event occurred in this extreme area of the Eurasian continent during the Early Pleistocene, initiating the hominin lineage represented by the TE9 and TD6 hominins.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62855/1/nature06815.pd

Measurement invariance of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) across six countries

Education and Child Studie