Negative Refraction Gives Rise to the Klein Paradox

Electromagnetic negative refraction in metamaterials has attracted increasingly great interest, since its first experimental verification in 2001. It potentially leads to the applications superior to conventional devices including compact antennas for mobile stations, imaging beyond the diffraction limit, and high-resolution radars, not to mention the anamolous wave propagation in fundamental optics. Here, we report how metamaterials could be used to simulate the "negative refraction of spin-zero particles interacting with a strong potential barrier", which gives rise to the Klein paradox--a counterintuitive relativistic process. We address the underlying physics of analogous wave propagation behaviours in those two entirely different domains of quantum and classical.Comment: 4 journal pages, 2 figure

Effect of Oestradiol Administration on Rat Submandibular Gland after Ovariectomized Period

In this study, we aimed to investigate exogen estrogen on submandibulargland of adult ovariectomized rats. To this end, thirty-six virgin female WistarAlbino rats were used and were divided into three equal groups. Sham groupsreceived no treatment, all animals in the other two groups were bilaterallyovariectomized. Control groups was designated bilaterally ovariectomized andoestradiol was given application groups.Following the applications all animals were sacrified,then submandibulargland was excised and paraffin wax. Paraffin sections, obtained by routinehistologic methods, were cut at 5μm and stained with Hematoxilen-Eozin. Thestained sections were later evaluated under a light microscopy.Histological studies indicated that, after oestrogen deficiency period, theglandular parenchyma and stroma was destroyed. When oestrogen was givenexogenously, it was seen that after ovariectomy, the gland was partially improved.These data demonstrate that oestrogen deficiency play a role in rat of thesubmandibular gland. Exogenous oestrogen leads to partial improvement andoestrogen deficiency doesnt lead to changes of the gland. Exogenous oestrogendoes not completely prevent submandibular gland structur

Scalable Full Flow with Learned Binary Descriptors

We propose a method for large displacement optical flow in which local matching costs are learned by a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a smoothness prior is imposed by a conditional random field (CRF). We tackle the computation- and memory-intensive operations on the 4D cost volume by a min-projection which reduces memory complexity from quadratic to linear and binary descriptors for efficient matching. This enables evaluation of the cost on the fly and allows to perform learning and CRF inference on high resolution images without ever storing the 4D cost volume. To address the problem of learning binary descriptors we propose a new hybrid learning scheme. In contrast to current state of the art approaches for learning binary CNNs we can compute the exact non-zero gradient within our model. We compare several methods for training binary descriptors and show results on public available benchmarks.Comment: GCPR 201

Bulk Negative Index Photonic Metamaterials for Direct Laser Writing

We show the designs of one- and two-dimensional photonic negative index metamaterials around telecom wavelengths. Designed bulk structures are inherently connected, which render their fabrication feasible by direct laser writing and chemical vapor deposition.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Opt. Let

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plant species from Turkey

Six plant extracts obtained from different parts such as the leaves, flowers and seeds of four species of the endemic plants in Turkey were tested on a total of 14 microorganisms, 10 of which were bacterialstrains and 4 yeast strains. Verbascum eriocarpum (flower) extract was found to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus; Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica (leaf and flower) and Heracleum paphlagonicum(seed) extracts were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis; and Alcea apterocarpa (seed and sepal) extract was found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No antimicrobial activitywas observed in Heracleum paphlagonicum (leaf) and Alcea apterocarpa (leaf) plant extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the plant extracts were calculated to be between 0.859 mg/ml and 110.5 mg/ml and the minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) values were calculated to be between 3.44 mg/ml and 132 mg/ml

The military and the consolidation of democracy: The recent Turkish experience

Turkey's recent success in dealing with the threat of political Islam without the military taking power into its own hands cannot be explained by either of the two contending theories about the military's role in the consolidation of democracy, that of the "mode-of-transition" or that of "electoral dynamics." Following the transition to democracy, officers in Latin America have evinced politically elite characteristics and have been in a tug of war with civilian politicians; officers in Eastern Europe have shown non-elite (professional) characteristics and have been subordinated to civilian politicians; officers in Turkey, not unlike their counterparts in France and Germany of earlier decades, have displayed state-elite characteristics and maintained their privileged position in the polity. Thus, while it is possible to use the dichotomy of politicized versus professional militaries to explain the fortunes of democracy in Latin America and Eastern Europe, respectively, in Turkey it is necessary to analyze the factors determining the orientation of officers toward democracy

Anyonik toplayıcılar varlığında huntitin (Mg3Ca(CO3)4), flotasyon davranışı

Bu çalışmada, KOl ve Flotinor FS-2 gibi anyonik toplayıcılar varlığında, huntitin flotasyon davranışı ve elektrokinetik özellikleri belirlenerek; Mg+2 ve Ca+2 gibi ortak iyonların etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, huntitin yüzey özelliklerinde Na2SiO3.5H2O, CMC gibi kontrol reaktiflerinin ve pH’nın etkisi incelenmiştir. Elektrokinetik ölçümler, huntitin eş elektrik noktasının 8.0 olduğunu göstermektedir. 10-2 M MgCl2 ve CaCl2 kullanıldığında, huntitin yüzey yükü pozitif olmaktadır. KOl, Flotinor FS-2 ile karşılaştırıldığında daha etkili olduğu, Mg+2 ve Ca+2 iyonlarının huntitin yüzebilirliği üzerinde yeterli bir etki yaratmamıştır. Na2SiO3.5H2O, huntitin yüzebilirliğinde belirgin bir etkisi yoktur. CMC ile yapılan flotasyon deneyleri, huntit üzerinde büyük bir bastırıcı etkisinin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Huntit, anyonik toplayıcılar, eş elektrik noktası, mikroflotasyon.In this study, flotation properties of huntite as unusual carbonate mineral and the effects of modifying reagents on huntite were determined. Flotation behaviour and electrokinetic properties of huntite were determined in the presence of potassium oleate and Flotinor FS-2. The effects of common ions that are expected in flotation pulps such as, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were studied. The influences of pH and modifying reagents like sodium silicate and carboxymethyl cellulose on surface properties of huntite were also examined. Electrokinetic measurements showed that huntite mineral were performed against pH in the presence of various NaCl concentrations. According to test results, iso-electric point of huntite was found to be around 8.0. Indifferent electrolytes are not expected to change the iso-electric point, however, as concentration increases the change in the magnitude of the zeta potential is attributed to the compression of the electrical double layer. Surface charge of huntite becomes positive in the presence of 10-2 M of MgCl2 and CaCl2 at all pH values. According to micro flotation test results, potassium oleate is more efficient than Flotinor FS-2. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions have negative effect on the floatabilities of huntite. Sodium silicate was seen to have no significant effect on the flotability of huntite. Flotation experiments with CMC indicated that it acts as a depressant on huntite.Keywords: Huntite, anionic collectors, iso-electric point, microflotatio

Deprem etkisi altındaki simetrik ve asimetrik yapıların, lineer olmayan tepkilerine dolgu duvarlarının katkısı

Generally during the design procedure, the stiffness of infill wall is not taken into account. However, these walls have an initial stiffness which causes torsional and translational response even the structure is symmetric under earthquake effect. If the structure is asymmetric, these walls change torsional response of structures. In order to investigate this effect, different structural models are designed with and without infill walls. The nonlinear behavior of both infill walls and structure should be taken into account as nonlinear force-displacement relation. Six different earthquake records which have different characteristics are applied to both asymmetric and symmetric structures as earthquake excitations then the response of structures are calculated in time history domain. In order to prevent stability problems in time history domain, the time interval was changed from 0.02 sec to 0.005 sec by using linear interpolation functions. The basis of program which is used to calculate structural response characteristics is using State Space Method in order to calculate dynamic response characteristics of structures under earthquake motions.  According to results, the effects of infill walls to the dynamic response characteristics of symmetric and asymmetric structures are interpreted. Keywords: Torsion, earthquake, irregularity, asymmetry, state space, bilinear, dynamic analysis.Tasarım aşamasında, dolgu duvarların rijitliklerinin yapı davranışına katkısı dikkate alınmamaktadır.  Ancak bu elemanların sahip oldukları rijitliğin, yapıların gerek simetrik gerekse asimetrik plana sahip olması durumunda, deprem etkisi altında, yapı davranışını etkilemesi beklenmelidir. Burulma tepkisi beklenmeyen simetrik planlı yapılarda, duvar etkisi ile burulma tepkisi ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu etkileri inceleyebilmek için seçilen simetrik ve asimetrik yapı modelleri hesaplanarak, farklı deprem etkileri altında tepkileri yorumlanmıştır. Taşıyıcı elemanlar ve duvarlar, malzeme bakımından lineer olmayan şekilde modellenmiştir. Yazılan programda “Durum Uzayı” yöntemiyle sayısal integrasyon yapılarak, yapı dinamik tepki karakteristikleri elde edilmiş, bulunan verilerin karşılaştırılmasına dayanarak duvarların, yapıların dinamik ötelenme ve burulma  tepkisine yaptığı katkılar gösterilmiştir.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Burulma, deprem, düzensizlik, asimetri, durum uzayı, bilineer, dinamik analiz.&nbsp

The cellular coding of temperature in the mammalian cortex

Temperature is a fundamental sensory modality separate from touch, with dedicated receptor channels and primary afferent neurons for cool and warm. Unlike for other modalities, however, the cortical encoding of temperature remains unknown, with very few cortical neurons reported that respond to non-painful temperature, and the presence of a 'thermal cortex' is debated. Here, using widefield and two-photon calcium imaging in the mouse forepaw system, we identify cortical neurons that respond to cooling and/or warming with distinct spatial and temporal response properties. We observed a representation of cool, but not warm, in the primary somatosensory cortex, but cool and warm in the posterior insular cortex (pIC). The representation of thermal information in pIC is robust and somatotopically arranged, and reversible manipulations show a profound impact on thermal perception. Despite being positioned along the same one-dimensional sensory axis, the encoding of cool and that of warm are distinct, both in highly and broadly tuned neurons. Together, our results show that pIC contains the primary cortical representation of skin temperature and may help explain how the thermal system generates sensations of cool and warm

Evaluation of olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth development with 3 Tesla MRI in childhood

Background: In this study, it is aimed to reveal the change in OBV and OSD in healthy Turkish pediatric individuals between 1 month and 18 years of age with 3 Tesla MRI taking into account different age groups and gender factors. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, 190 pediatric individuals who underwent cranial MRI were evaluated. Healthy pediatric cases were divided into four groups as infantile period (first 24 months when cerebral myelinization was completed), early childhood (2-6 years), childhood (6-12 years) and adolescence (12-18 years). OBV and OSD measurements were performed on coronal T2-weighted brain MR images by 3T MR scan. The mean, right and left olfactory bulb volume and sulcus depths were used for evaluation. Results: The mean age was 9.9 ± 7.5 months for the infantile period, 4.5 ± 1.3 years for early childhood, 9.3 ± 1.7 years for childhood and 15.2 ± 1.7 years for adolescence. Mean, right and left OBV was found to be slightly larger in male children than female children (P= 0.015, P= 0.033 and P= 0.010, respectively). There was no statistical difference between the genders for mean, right and left OSD (P= 0.559, P= 0.536 and P= 0.598, respectively). Among the age groups, the values of the 3rd and 4th groups in terms of mean, right and left OBV were higher than the other two groups (P<0.001). In terms of OSD, mean, right and left values were higher in group 2, 3 and 4 than group one (P<0.001). Conclusions: These data differ by pediatric age group and gender for the development of OBV and OSD. Normal values for the pediatric age group and gender should be calculated to detect olfactory dysfunction