Biological treatment of the organic fibre from the autoclaving of municipal solid wastes : preliminary results

Commingled municipal solid waste (MSW) was autoclaved in the presence of saturated steam for 30 min at 145 °C and 600 kPa. The organic fibre fraction from the autoclaved resulting material was examined for biodegradability. Aerobic and anaerobic tests were carried out to characterise the fibre in terms of biodegradation potential, which was moderate (biogas production potential of 251 ± 22 l [biogas] kg⁻¹ [total solids (TS)] and dynamic respiration index (DRI) of 1575 ± 116 mg [O2] kg⁻¹ [TS] h⁻¹). Manual and chemical characterisations were also performed to organic fibre. Following this characterisation, a laboratory-scale thermophilic anaerobic digestion process and a pilot-scale composting process were carried out to determine the possibilities of these biological treatments. In the anaerobic digestion process the biogas yield values obtained were within 0.15-0.21 m³ [biogas] kg⁻¹ [volatile solids (VS)] with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg [VS] m⁻³ d⁻¹. However, it was difficult to reach the steady state in the anaerobic thermophilic process for the different organic loads tested. Further experiments are necessary to determine the optimal biogas production and performance under these conditions. The composting process performed correctly and the final material was stable (DRI of 504 ± 74 mg [O2] kg⁻¹ [TS] h⁻¹) and with good properties for its application to soil regarding heavy metal contents that corresponding to class B compost, with the exception of some metals that corresponded to class A

Bis(hydrosulfido)-bridged dinuclear rhodium(I) complexes as a platform for the synthesis of trinuclear sulfido aggregates with the core [MRh2(μ3-S2)] (M = Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru)

The reaction of [Rh(μ-SH)(CO)(PPh3)]2 or [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 with [Cp*MCl2]2 (M = Rh, Ir) in the presence of NEt3 afforded the Rh3 and IrRh2 sulfido-bridged compounds [Cp*M(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (M = Rh, 1; Ir, 2) and [Cp*Rh(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (3). The reaction with [MCl2(cod)] (M = Pd, Pt), cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] or [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2 under the same experimental conditions gave [(cod)M(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (M = Pd, 6; Pt, 7), [(cod)M(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (M = Pd, 8; Pt, 9), [(PPh3)2Pt(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (10) and [(η6-C6H6)Ru(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (12), with PdRh2, PtRh2 and RuRh2 trimetallic cores. The aggregates derived from [Rh(μ-SH)(CO)(PPh3)]2 were isolated as a mixture of trans and cis isomers in which the trans isomer predominates. The reaction of [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 with 2 equiv. of n-BuLi at 253 K followed by addition of [Cp*IrCl2]2 gave [Cp*Ir(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (4) and [Cp*2ClIr2(μ3-S)2Rh{P(OPh)3}2] (5) in a 3:2 ratio. The RuRh2 compound [(η6-C6H6)Ru(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (11) was prepared similarly from [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2 using n-BuLi as a deprotonating agent. The molecular structures of compounds 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11 have been determined by X-ray analysis. The trinuclear complexes exhibit an asymmetric triangular metal core with two triply bridging sulfido ligands resulting in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal M3(μ3-S)2 heterometallic metal–sulfur core.Financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN/FEDER) of Spain (Project CTQ2010-15221), the Diputación General de Aragón (E07), and CONSOLIDER INGENIO-2010, Projects MULTICAT (CSD2009-00050) and Factoría de Cristalización (CSD2006-0015) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

Tackling CD147 exosome-based cell-cell signaling by electrochemical biosensing for early colorectal cancer detection

The great opportunities represented by exosomes in liquid biopsy diagnostics and the relevance of CD147 protein as diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarker led us to develop the first bio-electroanalytical platform for the determination of exosomal CD147 (exoCD147) by exploiting micro-sized magnetic beads coated with specific anti-CD147 antibodies. The captured exosomal target protein was sandwiched by specific biotin functionalized detector antibodies followed by attaching streptavidin-HRP conjugate to perform the amperometric reading using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) as electrode transducers in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) and H2O2. The analytical and operational characteristics achieved by implementing this simple methodology allowed the sensitive (LOD 29 pg mL-1) and selective determination of CD147 and the analysis of exoCD147 in different but inter-related real clinical scenarios including lysed and entire exosomes previously isolated from CRC cell lines with different metastatic potential. The obtained results, in agreement with those provided by ELISA and WB, proved the reliability of the developed immunosensor and its potential to isolate or identify specific subpopulations of exosomes based on the differential expression of characteristic surface biomarkers.The financial support of PID2019-103899RB-I00 (Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) Research Project and the TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM Program from the Comunidad de Madrid (Grant S2018/NMT-4349) are gratefully acknowledged. R.B. acknowledges the financial support of PI20CIII/00019 grant from the AES-ISCIII program. A.M-C. acknowledges a FPU predoctoral contract supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.S

Color comparisons and interpersonal variation

An important challenge to color objectivists, who hold that statements concerning color are made true or false by objective (non-subject-involving) facts, is the argument from interpersonal variation in where normal observers locate the unique hues. Recently, an attractive objectivist response to the argument has been proposed that draws on the semantics of gradable adjectives and which does not require defending the idea that there is a single correct location for each of the unique hues (Gómez-Torrente, 2016). In Hansen (2015), I argued that the recent objectivist response doesn’t apply to comparative occurrences of color adjectives, so a revised, comparative, version of the argument from interpersonal variation remains a powerful objection to certain types of objectivism. In this paper, I address several unsatisfactory objectivist replies to the comparative version of the argument from interpersonal variation, and offer what I think is a more plausible objectivist reply to the comparative argument from interpersonal variation

2022 Fitness Trends from Around the Globe

From this article, the reader should be able to Identify top 20 fitness trends for Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. Recognize individual and unique fitness trends represented within Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United State

Comprehensive description of clinical characteristics of a large systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort from the Spanish Rheumatology Society Lupus Registry (RELESSER) with emphasis on complete versus incomplete lupus differences

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple organ involvement and pronounced racial and ethnic heterogeneity. The aims of the present work were (1) to describe the cumulative clinical characteristics of those patients included in the Spanish Rheumatology Society SLE Registry (RELESSER), focusing on the differences between patients who fulfilled the 1997 ACR-SLE criteria versus those with less than 4 criteria (hereafter designated as incomplete SLE (iSLE)) and (2) to compare SLE patient characteristics with those documented in other multicentric SLE registries. RELESSER is a multicenter hospital-based registry, with a collection of data from a large, representative sample of adult patients with SLE (1997 ACR criteria) seen at Spanish rheumatology departments. The registry includes demographic data, comprehensive descriptions of clinical manifestations, as well as information about disease activity and severity, cumulative damage, comorbidities, treatments and mortality, using variables with highly standardized definitions. A total of 4.024 SLE patients (91% with ≥4 ACR criteria) were included. Ninety percent were women with a mean age at diagnosis of 35.4 years and a median duration of disease of 11.0 years. As expected, most SLE manifestations were more frequent in SLE patients than in iSLE ones and every one of the ACR criteria was also associated with SLE condition; this was particularly true of malar rash, oral ulcers and renal disorder. The analysis-adjusted by gender, age at diagnosis, and disease duration-revealed that higher disease activity, damage and SLE severity index are associated with SLE [OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.20 (P < 0.001); 1.29; 95% CI: 1.15-1.44 (P < 0.001); and 2.10; 95% CI: 1.83-2.42 (P < 0.001), respectively]. These results support the hypothesis that iSLE behaves as a relative stable and mild disease. SLE patients from the RELESSER register do not appear to differ substantially from other Caucasian populations and although activity [median SELENA-SLEDA: 2 (IQ: 0-4)], damage [median SLICC/ACR/DI: 1 (IQ: 0-2)], and severity [median KATZ index: 2 (IQ: 1-3)] scores were low, 1 of every 4 deaths was due to SLE activity. RELESSER represents the largest European SLE registry established to date, providing comprehensive, reliable and updated information on SLE in the southern European population