Building and Managing Endowments: Lessons from Southeast Asia

This paper provides an analysis of the experiences of four organizations in Southeast Asia (three in the Philippines, one in Indonesia) in creating, building, and managing endowments as mechanisms for their financial sustainability. However, it does not intend to compare and assess the performance of the four foundations' endowments. It describes the concept of endowments and draws conclusion about managed endowments, by comparing the four organizations and the differences between funding by grants and funding by managed endowments

Intrinsic curvature of curves and surfaces and a Gauss-Bonnet theorem in the Heisenberg group

We use a Riemannnian approximation scheme to define a notion of intrinsic Gaussian curvature for a Euclidean C2 -smooth surface in the Heisenberg group H away from characteristic points, and a notion of intrinsic signed geodesic curvature for Euclidean C2 -smooth curves on surfaces. These results are then used to prove a Heisenberg version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. An application to Steiner’s formula for the Carnot–Carathéodory distance in H is provided