Other People’s Money: Money’s Perceived Purchasing Power Is Smaller for Others Than for the Self

Nine studies find that people believe their money has greater purchasing power than the same quantity of others’ money. Using a variety of products from socks to clocks to chocolates, we found that participants thought the same amount of money could buy more when it belonged to themselves versus others – a pattern that extended to undesirable products. Participants also believed their money – in the form of donations, taxes, fines, and fees – would help charities/governments more than others’ money. We tested six mechanisms based on psychological distance, the endowment effect, wishful thinking, better-than-average biases, pain-of-payment, and beliefs about product preferences. Only a psychological distance mechanism received support. Specifically, we found that the perceived purchasing power of other people’s money decreased logarithmically as others’ psychological distance from the self increased, consistent with psychological distance’s subadditive property. Further supporting a psychological distance mechanism, we found that framing one’s own money as distant (vs. near) reduced the self-other difference in perceived purchasing power. Our results suggest that beliefs about the value of money depend on who owns it, and we discuss implications for marketing, management, psychology, and economics

Correlation of argon-copper sputtering mechanisms with experimental data using a digital computer simulation technique

The sputtering process has been investigated by simulating the sputtering of single-crystal copper with 1=7 keV argon. A digital computer was used to build the crystal, bombard it, and move crystal atoms. Four mechanisms were observed which cause surface atoms to sputter. An atom is sputtered when (1) it is squeezed out of the surface, (2) it is scooped out when another atom strikes its inner hemisphere, (3) it is ejected when an atom passes behind it, and (4) it is knocked out by a second layer atom which is moving outward. Nearly all sputtered atoms were surface atoms. Second and third layer atoms were sputtered only for energies greater than 5 keV. They were sputtered by mechanisms similar to the surface atom mechanisms. "Sillsbee chains" were observed to be directed into the crystal, and momentum focusing was observed to cause spsuttering only when it occurred in close packed, surface rows. Outward directed chains were not observed. Sputtering deposit patterns, sputtering ratios, and sputtered atom energy distributions were obtained for (100), (110), and (111) surfaces. All data compared favorably with experimental data.http://www.archive.org/details/correlationofarg00effrLieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Misinformation and Morality: Encountering Fake-News Headlines Makes Them Seem Less Unethical to Publish and Share

People may repeatedly encounter the same misinformation when it “goes viral.” The results of four main experiments (two preregistered) and a pilot experiment (total N = 2,587) suggest that repeatedly encountering misinformation makes it seem less unethical to spread—regardless of whether one believes it. Seeing a fake-news headline one or four times reduced how unethical participants thought it was to publish and share that headline when they saw it again—even when it was clearly labeled as false and participants disbelieved it, and even after we statistically accounted for judgments of how likeable and popular it was. In turn, perceiving the headline as less unethical predicted stronger inclinations to express approval of it online. People were also more likely to actually share repeated headlines than to share new headlines in an experimental setting. We speculate that repeating blatant misinformation may reduce the moral condemnation it receives by making it feel intuitively true, and we discuss other potential mechanisms that might explain this effect

Repeatedly encountered descriptions of wrongdoing seem more true but less unethical: Evidence in a naturalistic setting

When news about moral transgressions “goes viral,” the same person may repeatedly encounter identical reports about a wrongdoing. In a longitudinal experiment (N = 607 US-based MTurkers), we show that these repeated encounters can affect moral judgments. As participants went about their lives, we text-messaged them news headlines describing corporate wrongdoings (e.g., a cosmetics company harming animals). After 15 days, they rated these wrongdoings as less unethical than new wrongdoings. Extending prior laboratory research, these findings reveal that repetition can have a lasting effect on moral judgments in naturalistic settings, that affect plays a key role, and that increasing the number of repetitions generally makes moral judgments more lenient. Repetition also made fictitious descriptions of wrongdoing seem truer, connecting this moral repetition effect with past work on the illusory truth effect. The more times we hear about a wrongdoing, the more we may believe it – but the less we may care

Hypocrisy and culture: failing to practice what you preach receives harsher interpersonal reactions in independent (vs. interdependent) cultures

Failing to practice what you preach is often condemned as hypocrisy in the West. Three experiments and a field survey document less negative interpersonal reactions to misalignment between practicing and preaching in cultures encouraging individuals’ interdependence (Asian and Latin American) than in those encouraging independence (North American and Western Europe). In Studies 1–3, target people received greater moral condemnation for a misdeed when it contradicted the values they preached than when it did not – but this effect was smaller among participants from Indonesia, India, and Japan than among participants from the USA. In Study 4, employees from 46 nations rated their managers. Overall, the more that employees perceived a manager’s words and deeds as chronically misaligned, the less they trusted him or her – but the more employees’ national culture emphasized interdependence, the weaker this effect became. We posit that these cultural differences in reactions to failures to practice what one preaches arise because people are more likely to view the preaching as other-oriented and generous (vs. selfish and hypocritical) in cultural contexts that encourage interdependence. Study 2 provided meditational evidence of this possibility. We discuss implications for managing intercultural conflict, and for theories about consistency, hypocrisy, and moral judgment

Influencia de especies arbóreas implantadas sobre parámetros biológicos y bioquímicos en un suelo forestal de Chubut, Argentina

87-92The influence of some tree species on biological and biochemical properties of a forest soil was studied with the purpose of establishing criteria to achieve a sustainable development of a forest system. The study site is a forest soil of Chubut, in the Argentinean Patagonia. Surface soil samples were taken of three plots with a dominant species each one: Oak (Quercus robur), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.). Microbial respiration, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities, counts of aerobic and amylolytic bacteria, actinomyces and fungi were determined in soil samples, while phosphorous was determines in leaves. The results showed important differences of these parameters for the different species considered in the study, differences that are explained by the different chemical composition of the vegetal species

Fitotoxicidad del cromo sobre Phaseolus vulgaris L.

75-80La contaminación con metales pesados y los problemas que estos generan sobre la biota han sido muy documentados. El cromo es un metal pesado que no se halla libre en la naturaleza, pero si combinado. Es importante determinar el nivel de riesgo ambiental de los metales pesados sobre diversos representantes del ecosistema terrestre utilizando bioensayos ecotoxicológicos por lo que en este trabajo se planteó el siguiente objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de distintas concentraciones de cromo sobre el crecimiento de Phaseolus vulgaris L., lo que brindará no sólo información respecto de variaciones anatómicas sobre las especies ensayadas sino el grado de incorporación -dilución- en experimentos futuros. Dicho elemento en las plantas esta presente en concentraciones detectables pero no se conoce si es un nutriente escencial para la vida vegetal. Se realizaron ensayos de germinacion con dosis crecinte de cromo: 0 (control), de 0,000001; 0,00001;0,0001; 0,001; 0,01; 0,1; 0,15; 0,2; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,5 y 2 M, a partir de cromato de potasio estableciendo siete réplicas de semillas de Phaseolus vugaris L. por tratamiento. Para el ensayo se utilizaron grupos de 4 semillas en recipientes plásticos teniendo como soporte papel de filtro. Para las concentraciones 0; 0,1; 0,75 y 2 M se realizó un ensayo en macetas con suelo y compost. Ambos ensayos se hicieron en bloques completamente al azar. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se realizo un ANVA y un test de comparación de medias. Hubo germinación en la totalidad de las semillas de poroto a partir de la concentración 10-2 M de cromo o sea a partir de los 520 mg L-1; un valor superior a los encontrados en la bibliografia. En el largo de radicula y largo de tallo hubo diferencias entre tratamientos y la dosis 10-6 M podria ser promotora del crecimineto de ambos organos. En las hojas no se encontraron diferencias en el ancho y largo de las mismas, por lo que puede presumirse que la traslocación del cromo a las mismas fue baja. El ensayo en macetas arrojo para las dosis evaluadas, que el suelo no tuvo un efecto amortiguador sobre la concentración del cromo cuando las semillas fueron imbibidas directamente en la solución ensayada

Multicenter Study of Method-Dependent Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Detection of Resistance in Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. to Amphotericin B and Echinocandins for the Etest Agar Diffusion Method

BSTRACT Method-dependent Etest epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) are not available for susceptibility testing of either Candida or Aspergillus species with amphotericin B or echinocandins. In addition, reference caspofungin MICs for Candida spp. are unreliable. Candida and Aspergillus species wild-type (WT) Etest MIC distributions (microorganisms in a species-drug combination with no detectable phenotypic resistance) were established for 4,341 Candida albicans, 113 C. dubliniensis, 1,683 C. glabrata species complex (SC), 709 C. krusei, 767 C. parapsilosis SC, 796 C. tropicalis, 1,637 Aspergillus fumigatus SC, 238 A. flavus SC, 321 A. niger SC, and 247 A. terreus SC isolates. Etest MICs from 15 laboratories (in Argentina, Europe, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States) were pooled to establish Etest ECVs. Anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B ECVs (in micrograms per milliliter) encompassing �97.5% of the statistically modeled population were 0.016, 0.5, 0.03, and 1 for C. albicans; 0.03, 1, 0.03, and 2 for C. glabrata SC; 0.06, 1, 0.25, and 4 for C. krusei; 8, 4, 2, and 2 forC. parapsilosis SC; and 0.03, 1, 0.12, and 2 for C. tropicalis. The amphotericin B ECV was 0.25 � g/ml for C. dubliniensis and 2, 8, 2, and 16 � g/ml for the complexes of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus, respectively. While anidulafung in Etest ECVs classified 92% of the Candida fks mutants evaluated as non-WT, the performance was lower for caspofungin (75%) and micafungin (84%) cutoffs. Finally, although anidulafungin (as an echinocandin surrogate susceptibility marker) and amphotericin B ECVs should identify Candida and Aspergillus isolates with reduced susceptibility to these agents using the Etest, these ECVs will not categorize a fungal isolate as susceptible or resistant, as breakpoints do. KEYWORDS ECVs, Etest ECVs, Etest MICs Candida, Etest MICs Aspergillus, WT isolates, amphotericin B resistance, antifungal resistance, echinocandin resistance, non-WT, susceptibility marke

Use of prasugrel vs clopidogrel and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in contemporary clinical practice: Results from the PROMETHEUS study

Background and objectivesWe sought to determine the frequency of use and association between prasugrel and outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clinical practice

A pharmacodynamic comparison of prasugrel vs. high-dose clopidogrel in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: results of the Optimizing anti-Platelet Therapy In diabetes MellitUS (OPTIMUS)-3 Trial

Aims: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have increased platelet reactivity and reduced platelet response to clopidogrel compared with patients without DM. Prasugrel, a more potent antiplatelet agent, is associated with greater reductions in ischaemic events compared with clopidogrel, particularly in patients with DM. The aim of this study was to perform serial pharmacodynamic assessments of prasugrel with high-dose clopidogrel in patients with DM. Methods and results: Optimizing anti-Platelet Therapy In diabetes MellitUS (OPTIMUS)-3 was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study in patients with type 2 DM and coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients (n= 35) were randomly assigned to either prasugrel 60 mg loading dose (LD)/10 mg maintenance dose (MD) or clopidogrel 600 mg LD/150 mg MD over two 1-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week washout period. Platelet function was assessed by VerifyNow® P2Y12 assay, light transmission aggregometry, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h and 7 days. Greater platelet inhibition by VerifyNow® P2Y12 was achieved by prasugrel compared with clopidogrel at 4 h post-LD (least squares mean, 89.3 vs. 27.7%, P< 0.0001; primary endpoint). The difference in platelet inhibition between prasugrel and clopidogrel was significant from 1 h through 7 days (P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained using all other platelet function measures. Prasugrel resulted in fewer poor responders at all time points irrespective of definition used. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 DM and CAD, standard-dose prasugrel is associated with greater platelet inhibition and better response profiles during both the loading and maintenance periods when compared with double-dose clopidogrel