Prise en compte des consommations énergétiques et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans la conception des systèmes d'élevage innovants

Selon le GIEC les activités anthropiques jouent un rôle essentiel dans le réchauffement climatique de notre planète. Selon la FAO, l'élevage contribuerait à hauteur de 18% aux émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre (GES) d'origine anthropique. Face à une population mondiale et une demande en produits animaux grandissantes, il s'agit de concevoir des systèmes d'élevage non seulement plus productifs mais également moins émetteurs de GES. Dans cette perspective et à titre exploratoire, un important travail méthodologique à été mené afin d'évaluer les consommations énergétiques et les émissions de GES des productions animales à La Réunion. Partant d'une méthode développée en France métropolitaine il a fallu réévaluer les coefficients énergétiques et les facteurs d'émission en tenant compte des particularités du contexte et des systèmes d'élevage locaux. Afin de le rendre plus générique, ce travail a couvert les principales productions animales de l'île : l'élevage de bovin lait, de bovin viande, de porc, de volaille et de lapin. L'échantillon étudié couvre 165 élevages soit environ 25% des exploitations encadrées par les coopératives locales. Les résultats montrent une forte diversité de performances énergétiques ce qui sous-entend une marge de progrès importante. Diminuer les consommations énergétiques et donc réduire les émissions de GES par kg de viande produite, suppose une amélioration des performances zootechniques telles que l'indice de consommation. Il est donc possible d'intensifier les productions animales tout en contrôlant leurs émissions de GES. Un travail similaire mériterait d'être mené en Afrique ; il supposera de fortes adaptations méthodologiques pour pouvoir évaluer des systèmes peu mécanisés et à faible niveau d'intrants. (Résumé d'auteur

Evaluation des inefficiences zootechnique et environnementale pour intensifier écologiquement les systèmes d'élevage tropicaux. Etude de cas à la Réunion

Selon la FAO, l'élevage contribuerait à hauteur de 18 p. 100 aux émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre (GES) d'origine anthropique. Face à une population mondiale et une demande en produits animaux grandissantes, il s'agit de concevoir des systèmes d'élevage non seulement plus productifs mais également plus respectueux de l'environnement. Dans cette perspective, les consommations d'énergies non renouvelables (ENR) et les émissions de GES des principales productions animales de la Réunion (bovin lait, bovin viande, porc, volaille et lapin) ont été évaluées. Partant d'une méthode développée en France métropolitaine, il s'agissait de réévaluer les coefficients énergétiques et les facteurs d'émission en tenant compte des particularités du contexte et des systèmes d'élevage locaux. L'échantillon étudié comprenait 195 élevages, soit plus de 25 p. 100 des exploitations encadrées par les coopératives locales. Cette étude a montré que les inefficiences environnementales (consommations d'ENR et émissions de GES par kilogramme de produit animal) et l'inefficience zootechnique (quantités d'aliments concentrés consommés par kilogramme de produit animal) étaient corrélées positivement. Il est donc possible d'intensifier écologiquement les productions animales. De telles études sont rares dans les Suds ; leur essor suppose des adaptations méthodologiques encore plus importantes que celles menées dans le cas réunionnais, pour pouvoir évaluer des systèmes généralement peu mécanisés, à faible niveau d'intrants, mixtes, dont l'élevage est multifonctionnel et mobilise des formes d'énergies multiples. (Résumé d'auteur

MRI analysis for Hippocampus segmentation on a distributed infrastructure

Medical image computing raises new challenges due to the scale and the complexity of the required analyses. Medical image databases are currently available to supply clinical diagnosis. For instance, it is possible to provide diagnostic information based on an imaging biomarker comparing a single case to the reference group (controls or patients with disease). At the same time many sophisticated and computationally intensive algorithms have been implemented to extract useful information from medical images. Many applications would take great advantage by using scientific workflow technology due to its design, rapid implementation and reuse. However this technology requires a distributed computing infrastructure (such as Grid or Cloud) to be executed efficiently. One of the most used workflow manager for medical image processing is the LONI pipeline (LP), a graphical workbench developed by the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (http://pipeline.loni.usc.edu). In this article we present a general approach to submit and monitor workflows on distributed infrastructures using LONI Pipeline, including European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) and Torque-based batch farm. In this paper we implemented a complete segmentation pipeline in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It requires time-consuming and data-intensive processing and for which reducing the computing time is crucial to meet clinical practice constraints. The developed approach is based on web services and can be used for any medical imaging application

Enhancing multifunctional benefits of living mulch in organic vegetable cropping systems

Over the last several decades, agriculture in industrialized countries experienced a significant intensification as a result of the diffusion of mechanization, the widespread use of genetically improved genotypes, and the large-scale use of off-farm inputs, mainly in the form of fossil fuel energy and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Under the pressure of the growing agro-industrial sector, which has been oriented to promote models based on large volumes and long-distance supply chains, intensification was accompanied by progressive specialization of farms and cropping systems (Ratnadass et al., 2012). Indeed, the reduction of diversity at the field, farm, and territory level, a result of a low number of crops, the shortening of crop rotations, and a decrease in the number of cultivated genotypes, is becoming evident in many agro-environments in developed countries

Integrated Cover Crop and Fertilization Strategies for Sustainable Organic Zucchini Production in Mediterranean Climate

The integration of different agroecological practices could significantly mitigate the impact of climate change. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment on organic zucchini was carried out to study the effects of clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) cover crop management (green manure, GM vs. flattening using a roller crimper, RC), compared to a control without cover (CT). This agroecological practice was tested in combination with the following different fertilizer treatments: T1. compost produced by co-composting coal mining wastes with municipal organic wastes compost plus urea; T2. compost produced with the same matrices as T1, replacing urea with lawn mowing residues; T3. non-composted mixture of the industrial matrices; T4. on-farm compost obtained from crop residues. The GM management showed the highest marketable yield and aboveground biomass of zucchini, with both values higher by approximately 38% than those recorded in CT. The T1, T2, and T3 treatments showed higher SOC values compared to T4 in both years, with a gradual increase in SOC over time. The residual effect of fertilization on SOC showed a smaller reduction in T3 and T4 than in T1 and T2, in comparison with the levels recorded during the fertilization years, indicating a higher persistence of the applied organic matter in these treatments. The findings of this study pointed out that combining organic fertilization and cover cropping is an effective agroecological practice to maintain adequate zucchini yields and enhance SOC levels in the Mediterranean environment

Innovative tools for nitrogen fertilization traceability in organic farming products: a fennel case study

Food fraud is a matter of great interest, particularly when organic productions are involved. Therefore, policymakers and institutions are asked to introduce new effective official control methods, not only based on documentary compliance to EU regulations. Lately, an integrated approach based on the use of isotopic, chemical and biological data treated by chemometrics has been suggested to authenticate organic products. The present research aims to validate the beforementioned integrated approach for the reliable classification of organically and conventionally grown fennel productions obtained by applying different treatments at diverse percentages of mineral fertilizers. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, an N-fixing plant (alfalfa), as an agroecological service crop in intercropping fennel, was introduced. Physicochemical parameters (fresh weight, total soluble solids, total acidity, consistency, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) lightness (L*), green-red (a*), blue-yellow (b*) color components), total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity, total and inorganic N, and stable isotope ratios (15N/14N, 13C/12C, and 34S/32S) analyses were performed over a two-year field trial and further multivariate discriminant analysis was performed. The physicochemical parameters were not affected by the differential growing practice while antioxidant activity showed higher values in the organic treatments. The conventional treatments increased the NO3− values over 440% compared to the organic ones and the lowest values were found when alfalfa was used for intercropping. δ(15N) of fennel, δ(34S) of fennel and δ(15N) of leaves showed great discriminatory potential, with respect to the applied agronomic practice. However, these parameters alone were not sufficient as biomarkers for differentiating cultivation methods. Instead, the proposed innovative tool demonstrated that only a comprehensive multivariate approach was able to achieve a correct classification of grouped cases. Furthermore, the discrimination between organic and conventional horticultural products showed feasible results, even when N-fixing plants were incorporated in organic practice, thus avoiding misinterpretations solely based on the isotopic N fingerprint. These promising findings highlight the potential of this method and suggest that further research should extend its application to other horticultural crops to confirm and expand upon the current result

Levers and Obstacles of Effective Research and Innovation for Organic Food and Farming in Italy

The objectives of this paper are to present the dynamic of organic food and farming (OFF) research and innovation, to outline challenges in deploying programs and accessing funding, and to define key actions to foster the development of tailored quality research on organic farming in Italy. The baseline starts from the main outcomes that emerged during the World Caf\ue9 held in the frame of the Salone Internazionale del biologico e del naturale (SANA Expo) in 2018, where the Italian OFF research community met to build a convergence on scope and modus operandi in the research endeavor. These outcomes were examined in the light of the key features of the research and innovation projects funded in Italy in the last 10 years, respectively by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and the regional administrations through the innovation support instruments in the Rural Development Plan programming periods. In the period 2009\u20132018, 70 research projects for a total funding of 21.081 million \ubf (<0.1% of the value of the sector) were launched, addressing nine dierent topic areas. Over a similar period (2007\u20132019), 53 regional innovation projects addressing organic farming were activated for a total budget of 14.299 million \ubf (<10% of the entire available funding). The implementation of interventions in the research and the innovation areas were often scattered in terms of the topics, disciplines, and types of supply chain/network addressed. The relatively high share of multi/interdisciplinary research and innovation projects aswell as the acknowledgement of the multi-actor approach as a fundamental step toward co-research and co-innovation were upshots that emerged from our analysis. The outcomes of this study can be used by competent national and the regional authorities to design their future research and innovation policies and interventions

Innovazioni di processo per la produzione di compost di qualità idonei alla conservazione del suolo e alla sostenibilità in agricoltura biologica

La tutela della risorsa suolo è tra gli aspetti fondamentali del metodo di produzione biologico. L’applicazione di compost di qualità coniuga la necessità del recupero di materia da scarti organici con l’esigenza di reintegrare il contenuto di sostanza organica dei suoli. Tali premesse sono la base di una ricerca finalizzata alla produzione di compost tramite un sistema innovativo, alla caratterizzazione del prodotto finito e alla realizzazione di prove sperimentali in ambiente confinato e in pieno campo, idonee ad individuare un codice di buona pratica agricola per l’utilizzo del compost in agricoltura biologica. Il protocollo sperimentale ha previsto la produzione di 4 tipi di compost (C1, C2, C3, C4) ottenuti da una miscela di partenza contenente: sansa umida denocciolata (sn), stallatico (st) e residui ligneocellulosici triturati (lc). I compost C1 (C/N=30) e C3 (C/N=45) sono stati ottenuti dalla miscelazione di sn :st: lc nel rapporto 7:1:5 (p/p) e 1:5:5 (p/p). C2 e C4 derivano rispettivamente da C1 e C3 per essiccazione all’aria in strato sottile alla fine della fase di biossidazione accelerata (BA). L’essiccazione è stata effettuata al fine di rallentare le attività microbiche ed i processi di evoluzione della sostanza organica ottenendo matrici a due stadi di maturazione. I parametri di processo monitorati sono stati: umidità, temperatura, pH, e solidi volatili. Ad inizio processo (T0), alla fine della fase di BA (T1) e alla fine della fase di curing (T2), sono stati prelevati campioni rappresentativi dai cumuli per la misurazione dell’indice respirometrico dinamico (IRD). I 4 compost, prodotti presso l’impianto di compostaggio sperimentale IAMB, sono stati applicati su una rotazione biennale farro - cece da granella e su una coltivazione di spinacio, entrambi condotti con metodo di produzione biologico. La fase di BA, della durata di 35 gg per C1 e C2 e 18 gg per C3 e C4, è stata condotta in cassone areato non movimentato. La fase di curing (86 gg per C1 e 65 gg per C3) è stata condotta in cumulo statico. L’umidità è stata controllata settimanalmente e corretta al fine di garantire valori di processo tra 50 e 60%, la temperatura massima raggiunta è stata di 72 °C per C1 e 76 °C per C3. L’IRD, partendo da valori compatibili con i dati di letteratura nella miscela iniziale (T0: 4.171 mgO2 gSV-1 h-1 per C1 e C2; 5.955 mgO2 gSV-1 h-1 per C3 e C4), ha raggiunto livelli di piena stabilità per tutti i materiali già alla fine della fase di BA (T1: 424 mgO2 gSV-1 h-1 per C1e C2 e 789 mgO2 gSV-1 h-1 per C3 e C4). I diversi rapporti C/N e i contributi della matrice sn nelle due miscelazioni hanno comportato differenze nei tempi di processo e negli andamenti dei picchi di temperatura giornalieri, risultando più brevi per C3-C4 rispetto a C1-C2. In attesa dei risultati finali relativi all’applicazione in pieno campo, si ipotizza che il prolungarsi del processo in C1-C3 rispetto a C2-C4 comporterà una diversa disponibilità di elementi nutritivi nelle relative tesi sperimentali per effetto del procedere dei processi di biossidazione ed evoluzione della sostanza organica