Salmonella enterica: a review or the trilogy agent, host and environment and its importance in Chile

Indexación: Web of Science; Scopus; Scielo.Salmonella enterica es uno de los principales patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos en el mundo, siendo la primera causa de brotes de intoxicación alimentaria en Chile. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos de control y prevención desplegados, la incidencia en las personas se ha mantenido alta, por lo que diversos factores podrían estar influenciando el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta infección. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir factores referidos tanto al agente biológico, al hospedero humano y al medio ambiente, que podrían tener mayor trascendencia en Chile. De esta forma, se infieren ámbitos prioritarios para la investigación de S. enterica, que permitan entender su dispersión en la naturaleza y su éxito como patógeno de un amplio rango de hospederos. A futuro, el mayor conocimiento de estos determinantes facilitará la implementación de estrategias de bioseguridad y vigilancia para la prevención de la enfermedad en las personas y en los animales.Salmonella enterica is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide, being the main cause of outbreaks by food consumption in Chile. Despite all efforts deployed for control and prevention, the high incidence in people still persists, with several factors that could be influencing the epidemiological behavior of this infection. The objective of this review is to identify these factors belonging to the biological agent, the human host and the environment, which probably have a greater importance in Chile. Thus, priority areas for research of S. enterica are inferred, which hopefully will help to understand its spread in nature and its success as a wide host range pathogen. In the future, increased understanding of these determinants will facilitate the implementation of biosecurity and surveillance strategies for the prevention of disease in people and animals.http://ref.scielo.org/kz75k

Cardiorespiratory fitness: Reference on the six-minute walk test and oxygen consumption in adolescents from south-central chile

Indexación ScopusCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) provides oxygen to the exercising muscles and is related to body adiposity, with cardiometabolic variables. The aim was to develop reference values and a predictive model of CRF in Chilean adolescents. A total of 741 adolescents of both genders (15.7 years old) participated in a basic anthropometry, performance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT), and in Course Navette was measured. Percentiles were determined for the SMWT, for the ˙VO2max, and an equation was developed to estimate it. The validity of the equation was checked using distribution assumptions and the Bland–Altman diagram. The STATA v.14 program was used (p < 0.05). The 50th percentile values for males and females in the SMWT and in the ˙VO2max of Course Navette were, respectively, from 607 to 690 and from 630 to 641 m, and from 43.9 to 45 and from 37.5 to 31.5 mlO2·kg·min−1, for the range of 13 to 17 years. For its part, the model to predict ˙VO2max incorporated gender, heart rate, height, waist-to-height ratio (WHR), and distance in the SMWT (R2 = 0.62; estimation error = 0.38 LO2·min−1; p <0.001). Reference values can guide physical fitness in Chilean adolescents, and ˙VO2max was possible to predict from morphofunctional variables. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/247

Reliability and validity of two fitness tracker devices in the laboratory and home environment for older community-dwelling people

© 2018 The Author(s). Background: Two-thirds of older Australians are sedentary. Fitness trackers have been popular with younger people and may encourage older adults to become more active. Older adults may have different gait patterns and as such it is important to establish whether fitness trackers are valid and reliable for this population. The aim of the study was to test the reliability and validity of two fitness trackers (Fitbit Flex and ChargeHR) by step count when worn by older adults. Reliability and validity were tested in two conditions: 1) in the laboratory using a two-minute-walk-test (2MWT) and 2) in a free-living environment. Methods: Two 2MWTs were completed while wearing the fitness trackers. Participants were videoed during each test. Participants were then given one fitness tracker and a GENEactiv accelerometer to wear at home for 14-days. Results: Thirty-one participants completed two 2MWTs and 30 completed the free-living procedure. Intra Class Correlation's of the fitness trackers with direct observation of steps (criterion validity) was high (ICC:0.86,95%CI:0.76,0.93). However, both fitness trackers underestimated steps. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.75) was found between the two 2MWTs for each device, particularly the ChargeHR devices. Good strength of agreement was found for total distance and steps (fitness tracker) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (GENEactiv) for the free-living environment (Spearman Rho's 0.78 and 0.74 respectively). Conclusion: Reliability and validity of the Flex and ChargeHR when worn by older adults is good, however both devices underestimated step count within the laboratory environment. These fitness trackers appear suitable for consumer use and promoting physical activity for older adults

Salud de los trabajadores

Actividad f&iacute;sica y su relaci&oacute;n con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de carteros chilenosAn&aacute;lisis de resultados: riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo Suceso-Istas 21 en Cesfam Quell&oacute;nAusentismo laboral por enfermedades oftalmol&oacute;gicas, Chile 2009Brote de diarreas por norovirus, posterremoto-tsunami, Constituci&oacute;n, Regi&oacute;n del MauleCalidad de vida en profesionales de la salud p&uacute;blica chilenaCaracterizaci&oacute;n del reposo laboral en personal del SSMN durante el primer semestre de 2010Concentraci&oacute;n de nicotina en pelo en trabajadores no fumadores expuestos a humo de tabaco ambientalCondiciones de trabajo y bienestar/malestar docente en profesores de ense&ntilde;anza media de SantiagoDisfunci&oacute;n auditiva inducida por exposici&oacute;n a xilenoErgonom&iacute;a aplicada al estudio del s&iacute;ndrome de dolor lumbar en el trabajoEstimaci&oacute;n de la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de una empresa mineraExposici&oacute;n a plaguicidas inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa en Colombia, 2006-2009Factores de riesgo y da&ntilde;os de salud en conductores de una empresa peruana de transporte terrestre, 2009Las consecuencias de la cultura en salud y seguridad ocupacional en una empresa mineraPercepci&oacute;n de cambios en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica y estrategias de afrontamientoPercepci&oacute;n de la calidad de vida en la Universidad del Biob&iacute;oPesos m&aacute;ximos aceptables para tareas de levantamiento manual de carga en poblaci&oacute;n laboral femeninaRiesgo coronario en trabajadores mineros seg&uacute;n la funci&oacute;n de Framingham adaptada para la poblaci&oacute;n chilenaTrastornos emocionales y riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de la salu

Study Of Physical Growth Of Students To Moderate Altitude Using Arm Muscle Area By Height And Age

Objective. To compare the physical growth of schoolchildren to moderate altitude with reference standards proposed by Frisancho and Tracer for arm muscle area by height and Frisancho for arm muscle area by age. Method. A cross-sectional study of urban schoolchildren in the province of Arequipa (Perú). The sample was stratified by age and sex, with 473 men and 482 women ranging in age from 6 to 12 years for belonging to the education system at primary level socioeconomic status Peruvian media. Anthropometric variables were assessed weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold and arm muscle area for height and age. Data were compared by Z scores according to the fraction: 100 log (percentile of the reference / percentile calculated). The differences between the sample and reference were analyzed by the paired t test with a significance of p < 0.001. Results. The values of the reference arm muscle areas in relation to height and age are higher in comparison with students of moderate altitude. Was observed 2 years behind men and women according to the comparison with age-muscle area. Similarly, using the muscle area by height 17cm lag was observed in men and 20cm in women. Conclusions. Overall, the results suggest the physical growth retardation and muscle linear, attributing this phenomenon to environmental factors such as altitude. © 2013 Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte.626672Rosenbloom, A., Fisiologia del crecimiento (2007) Ann Nestle [Esp], 65, pp. 99-110Cameron, N., Growth patterns in adverse environments (2007) Am J Hum Biol, 19, pp. 615-621Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Arruda, M., Nunez Alvarez, V., Lancho Alonso, J.L., Efectos de la altitud sobre el crecimiento fisico en ninos y adolescentes (2011) Rev Andal Med Deporte., 4 (2), pp. 71-76Malina, R., Bouchard, C., Beunen, G., Human growth: Selected aspects of current research on well-nourished children (1988) Annual Review of Anthropology., 17, pp. 187-219Frisancho, A.R., Tracer, D., Standards of arm muscle by stature for assessment of nutritional status of children (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol., 73, pp. 469-475Frisancho, A.R., Baker, P.T., Altitude and growth -A study of the pattern of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population (1970) Am J Phys. Anthrop, 32, pp. 279-292Stinson, S., The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol., 52 (3), pp. 377-385Pawson, I., Huicho, L., Muro, M., Pacheco, A., Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities (2001) American Journal of Human Biology., 13 (3), pp. 323-340Frisancho, A.R., Triceps skinfold and upper arm muscle size norms for assessment of nutritional status (1974) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition., 27 (10), pp. 1052-1058Daley, B., Maliakal, R., Dressen, E., Driscoll, D., Bristrian, B., Rapid clinical assessment of kidney function based on arm muscle circumference and serum creatinine (1994) Nutrition., 10, pp. 128-131Erfan, M., El Ruby, M., Monir, Z., Anwar, Z., Upper arm muscle area by height: An indicator for growth and nutritional status of Egyptian children and adolescents (2003) Egypt Med J., 2, pp. 139-153Frisancho, A.R., (1990) Anthropometric Standardization for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status, , The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MichiganRamirez, A., Exposicion toxicologica en las grandes alturas:.es necesario corregir los valores limite umbral de exposicion de toxicos? (2011) An Fac Med., 72 (1), pp. 61-67Frisancho, A.R., New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status (1981) Am J Clin Nutr., 34, pp. 2540-2545Bartsch, P., Saltin, B., Dvorak, J., Consensus statement on playing football at different altitude (2008) Scand J Med Sports., 18 (SUPPL. I), pp. 96-99Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Crescimento fisico e desempenho motor em criancas de 6-12 anos de condicao socioeconomica media da area urbana de Arequipa (Peru) (2004) Dissertacao de Mestrado. Unicamp/FEF. CampinasBustamante, A., Seabra, A., Garganta, R., Maia, J., Efectos de la actividad fisica y el nivel socioeconomico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares Lima Este, 2005 (2007) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica., 24 (2), pp. 121-128Gonzales, G., Crespo-Retes, I., Guerra-Garcia, R., Secular change in growth of native children and adolescent at high altitude I. Puno, Peru (3800 meters) (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 58, pp. 191-195Gonzales, G.F., Villena, A., Body mass index and age at menarche in Peruvian Children living at high altitude and at sea level (1996) Human Biology., 68 (2), pp. 265-271Ross, W.D., Marfell-Jones, M.J., Kinanthropometry (1991) Physiological Testing of Elite Athlete, pp. 223-308. , MacDougall JD Wenger HA Geen HJ editors. London: Human KineticsBolzan Guimarey, L., Frisancho, A.R., Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition (1999) Ann Hum Biol., 26 (2), pp. 185-193Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., (1991) Growth Maturation and Physical Activity Champaign, , Human KineticsChowdhury, S.D., Ghosh, T., The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: An evaluation of nutritional status (2009) Acta Padiatrica., 98, pp. 103-110Forbes, G.B., (1987) Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity, , New York: Springer VerlagHass, J.D., Baker, P.T., Hunt, E.E., The effects of high altitude on body size and composition of the newborn infant in southern Peru (1982) Am J Phys Athropol., 59, pp. 251-262Dang, S., Yan, H., Yamamoto, S., High altitude and early childhood growth retardation: New evidence fron Tibet (2008) Eur J Clin Nutr., 62, pp. 342-348Obbert, P., Fellmanni, G., Falgairettei, M., Bedu, E., Van Praagh, H., Kempers, B., The important of socioeconomic and nutritional conditions rather than altitude on the physical growth of pre-pubertal Andean highland boys (1994) Annals of Human Biology., 21, pp. 145-154Stinson, S., The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia (1982) American Journal of Physical Anthropology., 59, pp. 61-71Hackett, P.H., Oelz, O., The Lake Louise Consensus on the definition and quantification of altitude illness (1992) Hypoxia and Mountain Medicine. 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Washington, D.C.: Organizacion Panamericana de la SaludBoye, K.R., Dimitriou, T., Manz, F., Schoenau, E., Neu, C., Wudy, S., Anthropometric assessment of muscularity during growth: Estimating fat-free mass with 2 skin fold-thickness measurements is superior to measuring mid upper arm muscle area in healthy pre-pubertal children (2002) Am J Clin Nutr., 76, pp. 628-632Malina, R., Anthropometry, strength and motor fitness (1994) Anthropometry: The Individual and the Population, pp. 160-177. , Ulijaszek S, Mascie-Taylor C, editors. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Pres