Socio-economic profile of shrimp farmers and its influence on the extent of adoption of shrimp culture technologies

The study of the socio-economic profile of shrimp farmers of Nellore in Andhra Pradesh and Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu revealed that 40% of the shrimp farmers had collegiate level of education, and they had medium levels of farming experience, information seeking behaviour, extension contact~ economic motivation and risk orientation. The resu lts of correlation analysis revealed that of the seventeen independent variables studied eleven independent v'ariables had positive and significant relationship with the extent of adoption of shrimp culture technologies by shrimp farmers of Nellore. Among the shrimp farmers of Nagapattinam, seven independent variables had positive and significant relationship with the extent of adoption. The results of step• wise multiple regression analysis revealed that variables such as information seeking behaviour, credit orientation and material possession expfained 48(10 of the variation in the extent of adoption by shrimp farmers of Nellore and variables like extens ion contact, risk orientation, farming experience, type of ownership, annual income and material possession explained 84 percent of the variation in the extent of adoption by shrimp farmers of Nagapattinam

(1Z)-1-(2,4-Dichloro­phen­yl)ethan-1-one semicarbazone

In the title compound, C9H9Cl2N3O, the semicarbazone group is approximately planar, with an r.m.s deviation from the mean plane of 0.011 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the least-squares planes through the semicarbazone group and the benzene ring is 38.76 (9)°. The crystal structure is further stabilized by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding

A Jamming Attacks Detection Approach Based on CNN based Quantum Leap Method for Wireless Sensor Network

The wireless sensor network is the most significant largest communication device. WSN has been interfacing with various wireless applications. Because the wireless application needs faster communication and less interruption, the main problem of jamming attacks on wireless networks is that jamming attack detection using various machine learning methods has been used. The reasons for jamming detection may be user behaviour-based and network traffic and energy consumption. The previous machine learning system could not present the jamming attack detection accuracy because the feature selection model of Chi-Squared didn’t perform well for jamming attack detections which determined takes a large dataset to be classified to find the high accuracy for jamming attack detection. To resolve this problem, propose a CNN-based quantum leap method that detects high accuracy for jamming attack detections the WSN-DS dataset collected by the Kaggle repository. Pre-processing using the Z-score Normalization technique will be applied, performing data deviations and assessments from the dataset, and collecting data and checking or evaluating data. Fisher’s Score is used to select the optimal feature of a jamming attack. Finally, the proposed CNN-based quantum leap is used to classify the jamming attacks. The CNN-based quantum leap simulation shows the output for jamming attacks with high precision, high detection, and low false alarm detection

Synthesis of Co and Cu codoped ZnO nanoparticles by citrate gel combustion method: Photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity

ZnO, single-doped (Co-ZnO, Cu-ZnO), and co-doped ZnO ((Co, Cu)/ZnO) were effectively synthesized by the citrate gel combustion technique. The samples were characterized by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis-DRS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The average particle size was 30.33 nm as calculated from XRD patterns for (Co, Cu)/ZnO. UV-Vis absorption spectrum indicates that the co-doped ZnO exhibits increased visible light absorption compared to the undoped one.  The photoluminescence spectroscopy shows that the separation efficiency of photo-induced electrons and hole is enhanced by the co-doping strategy. (Co, Cu)/ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated a strong visible light response and high photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under irradiation by visible light (400-500 nm). The visible-light photocatalytic activity of the prepared  (Co, Cu)/ZnO may come about because of the incorporation of Co, Cu atoms in ZnO, photo-induced electron-hole pairs and extended the spectral response to the visible region. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of ZnO, Co-ZnO, Cu-ZnO, and (Co, Cu)/ZnO were studied respectively with Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) ( bacterial strain) and  Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans (fungal strain). The (Co, Cu)/ZnO enhanced the antimicrobial activity

The Pore-Forming Protein Cry5B Elicits the Pathogenicity of Bacillus sp. against Caenorhabditis elegans

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is a pathogen of insects and nematodes and is very closely related to, if not the same species as, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. The defining characteristic of B. thuringiensis that sets it apart from B. cereus and B. anthracis is the production of crystal (Cry) proteins, which are pore-forming toxins or pore-forming proteins (PFPs). Although it is known that PFPs are important virulence factors since their elimination results in reduced virulence of many pathogenic bacteria, the functions by which PFPs promote virulence are incompletely understood. Here we study the effect of Cry proteins in B. thuringiensis pathogenesis of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that whereas B. thuringiensis on its own is not able to infect C. elegans, the addition of the PFP Cry protein, Cry5B, results in a robust lethal infection that consumes the nematode host in 1–2 days, leading to a “Bob” or bag-of-bacteria phenotype. Unlike other infections of C. elegans characterized to date, the infection by B. thuringiensis shows dose-dependency based on bacterial inoculum size and based on PFP concentration. Although the infection process takes 1–2 days, the PFP-instigated infection process is irreversibly established within 15 minutes of initial exposure. Remarkably, treatment of C. elegans with Cry5B PFP is able to instigate many other Bacillus species, including B. anthracis and even “non-pathogenic” Bacillus subtilis, to become lethal and infectious agents to C. elegans. Co-culturing of Cry5B-expressing B. thuringiensis with B. anthracis can result in lethal infection of C. elegans by B. anthracis. Our data demonstrate that one potential property of PFPs is to sensitize the host to bacterial infection and further that C. elegans and probably other roundworms can be common hosts for B. cereus-group bacteria, findings with important ecological and research implications

catena-Poly[[(ethanol-κO)[3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzoic acid-κO]lithium]-μ-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzoato-κ2 O:O′]

The asymmetric unit of the title polymeric compound, [Li2(C16H11N2O2)2(C16H12N2O2)2(CH3CH2OH)2]n, contains two LiI ions, two 3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzoate ions, two 3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzoic acid mol­ecules and two ethanol mol­ecules. In the crystal structure, each of the two LiI ions has a distorted tetra­hedral geometry, coordinated by two carboxyl­ate O atoms, one carboxyl O atom and one ethanol O atom. The carboxyl­ate group bridges the LiI ions, forming a one-dimensional polymeric chain along [100]. The crystal structure is further stabilized by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonding, and π–π inter­actions with centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.6534 (13)–3.8374 (13) Å