One-pot synthesis and AFM imaging of a triangular aramide macrocycle

Macrocyclizations in exceptionally good yields were observed during the self-condensation of N-benzylated phenyl p-aminobenzoates in the presence of LiHMDS to yield three-membered cyclic aramides that adopt a triangular shape. An ortho-alkyloxy side chain on the N-benzyl protecting group is necessary for the macrocyclization to occur. Linear polymers are formed exclusively in the absence of this Li-chelating group. A model that explains the lack of formation of other cyclic congeners and the demand for an N-(o-alkoxybenzyl) protecting group is provided on the basis of DFT calculations. High-resolution AFM imaging of the prepared molecular triangles on a calcite(10.4) surface shows individual molecules arranged in groups of four due to strong surface templating effects and hydrogen bonding between the molecular triangles

A Synthesis of Tagging Studies Examining the Behaviour and Survival of Anadromous Salmonids in Marine Environments

This paper synthesizes tagging studies to highlight the current state of knowledge concerning the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids in the marine environment. Scientific literature was reviewed to quantify the number and type of studies that have investigated behaviour and survival of anadromous forms of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). We examined three categories of tags including electronic (e.g. acoustic, radio, archival), passive (e.g. external marks, Carlin, coded wire, passive integrated transponder [PIT]), and biological (e.g. otolith, genetic, scale, parasites). Based on 207 papers, survival rates and behaviour in marine environments were found to be extremely variable spatially and temporally, with some of the most influential factors being temperature, population, physiological state, and fish size. Salmonids at all life stages were consistently found to swim at an average speed of approximately one body length per second, which likely corresponds with the speed at which transport costs are minimal. We found that there is relatively little research conducted on open-ocean migrating salmonids, and some species (e.g. masu [O. masou] and amago [O. rhodurus]) are underrepresented in the literature. The most common forms of tagging used across life stages were various forms of external tags, coded wire tags, and acoustic tags, however, the majority of studies did not measure tagging/handling effects on the fish, tag loss/failure, or tag detection probabilities when estimating survival. Through the interdisciplinary application of existing and novel technologies, future research examining the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids could incorporate important drivers such as oceanography, tagging/handling effects, predation, and physiology

An Intuitive and Traceable Human-based Evolutionary Computation System for Solving Problems in Human Organizations

Human-based evolutionary computation (EC), for which people act as executors of all evolutionary operators, can be used to solve problems in human organizations. We previously developed a human-based EC system that represents solutions as tags (words) and allows people to evaluate solutions by clicking corresponding tags. Although the system was easy and intuitive to use, it could not handle problems for which solutions are represented as long sentences. In addition, the system could not trace the evolution of solutions. Traceability is a must for the system to be widely and reliably used. In this study, we thus develop a human-based EC system that allows solutions to be represented as both sentences and tags. A function for tracing the evolution of solutions is embedded into the system. The function asks a solution creator to specify which existing solutions influenced the solution creation. We conduct an experiment in which 18 human subjects use the system and then fill out a survey. The results show that the system creates better solutions than those created by each human subject independently. Furthermore, the evolution tree generated from the information given by solution creators is used to confirm that the system allows the evolution of solutions to be traced.Worksop of Interactive Methods @ GECCO (iGECCO 2019) in The Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2019),14th July, 2019, Prague, Czec