O impacto dos distúrbios monetários na inflação e nos ciclos de negócios na economia iraniana

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of monetary disorders on inflation and business cycles in Iran’s economy during the period 1973 to 2012. Monetary disorders are defined by two indexes of monetary policy uncertainty and shock to liquidity growth. In the first step, the causal relationship of monetary policy uncertainty on real GDP fluctuations, employment fluctuations and inflation are estimated using Granger causality test. To this purpose, to follow Haghighat and Mohammad Gholipour Tapeh (2014), the conditional variance of liquidity growth extracted from models of GARCH family was applied as a substitute for monetary policy uncertainty. In the second stage, the reaction of economic growth, employment growth and inflation to the shock to liquidity growth are estimated using impulse response function technique derived from VAR model. The results indicate the existence of one-way Granger causality relation of monetary policy uncertainty in all three variables of real GDP fluctuations, employment fluctuations and inflation. Also, based on the results, impulse response function reduces the shock to liquidity growth as much as a standard deviation, real GDP growth and employment after a period and increases inflation. Accordingly, the hypothesis of the effect of monetary disorders on business cycles in Iran’s economy in the period of this research cannot be rejected.JEL classification: E23, E31, E32, E52En este documento, hemos investigado el efecto de los trastornos monetarios en la inflación y los ciclos económicos en la economía de Irán durante el período de 1973 a 2012. Los trastornos monetarios se definen por dos índices de incertidumbre de la política monetaria y el impacto del crecimiento de la liquidez. En el primer paso, la relación causal de la incertidumbre de la política monetaria sobre las fluctuaciones del PIB real, las fluctuaciones del empleo y la inflación se estiman mediante la prueba de causalidad de Granger. Para este propósito, siguiendo a Haghighat y Mohammad Gholipour Tapeh (2014), se aplicó la varianza condicional del crecimiento de la liquidez extraída de los modelos de la familia GARCH como sustituto de la incertidumbre de la política monetaria. En la segunda etapa, la reacción del crecimiento económico, el crecimiento del empleo y la inflación al impacto del crecimiento de la liquidez se estiman utilizando la técnica de función de respuesta al impulso derivada del modelo VAR. Los resultados indican la existencia de una relación de causalidad de Granger unidireccional de la incertidumbre de la política monetaria en las tres variables de fluctuaciones del PIB real, fluctuaciones del empleo e inflación. Además, en función de los resultados, la función de respuesta al impulso reduce el impacto del crecimiento de la liquidez tanto como una desviación estándar, el crecimiento del PIB real y el empleo después de un período y aumenta la inflación. En consecuencia, la hipótesis del efecto de los trastornos monetarios en los ciclos económicos de la economía de Irán en el período de esta investigación no puede ser rechazada.Clasificación JEL: E23, E31, E32, E52Neste artigo, investigamos o efeito dos distúrbios monetários sobre a inflação e os ciclos econômicos na economia do Irã durante o período de 1973 a 2012. Os distúrbios monetários são definidos por dois índices de incerteza da política monetária e por choque no crescimento da liquidez. No primeiro passo, a relação causal entre a incerteza da política monetária sobre as flutuações do PIB real, as flutuações do emprego e a inflação é estimada usando o teste de causalidade de Granger. Para este propósito, para seguir Haghighat e Mohammad Gholipour Tapeh (2014), a variância condicional do crescimento de liquidez extraída de modelos da família GARCH foi aplicada como um substituto para a incerteza da política monetária. No segundo estágio, a reação do crescimento econômico, crescimento do emprego e inflação ao choque para o crescimento da liquidez são estimados usando a técnica de função de resposta impulsiva derivada do modelo VAR. Os resultados indicam a existência de uma relação de causalidade de Granger unidirecional da incerteza da política monetária em todas as três variáveis de flutuações reais do PIB, flutuações do emprego e inflação. Além disso, com base nos resultados, a função de resposta ao impulso reduz o choque para o crescimento da liquidez, tanto quanto um desvio padrão, crescimento do PIB real e emprego após um período e aumenta a inflação. Consequentemente, a hipótese do efeito dos distúrbios monetários nos ciclos de negócios na economia do Irã no período desta pesquisa não pode ser rejeitada.Classificação JEL: E23, E31, E32, E5

Antioxidant activity and properties of walnut brown seed coat extract

To date, there are few studies about the properties of walnut brown seed coat. The antioxidant activity and properties of walnut brown seed coat was considered in this study and the amounts of carotenoids, chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, vitamin E were determined. The antioxidant activity was determined by cupric assay, DPPH, and measurement of oxidative stability in sunflower oil against Copper sulfate. Walnut brown seed coat at 1 was effective antioxidant in comparison to BHT in inhibition of lipid peroxidation. This extract presented the highest vitamin E level (1.4± 0.042 mg/g). DPPH assay showed the extract had the high radical scavenging ability. The results of this study showed the walnut brown seed coat possessed strong antioxidant properties in vitro, hence it might be beneficial in human health. © 2009-2016, JGPT

Evaluation of bred fish and seawater fish in terms of nutritional value, and heavy metals

In many parts of the world consumption of fish and seafood comprises a key proportion of man's diet and health. Despite of having many benefits, eating fish can be dangerous for instance the existence of nonorganic material, especially heavy metals, in some fish is dangerous. There are numerous fish breeding pools across the Lorestan province of Iran and the majority of the people living in these areas consume these kinds of fish, so, we were impelled to carry out a study to compare the nutrients and also heavy metals existent in freshwater fish and seawater fish available to the public across Khorramabad city of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 9 samples of each five species of freshwater and sea water fish were purchased and their total protein, fat, omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids and also their heavy metals content including mercury, lead and cadmium of them were measured. There were no significant differences between mean protein content of the two types of fish. The amount of total fat and omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids of freshwater fish was higher than of seawater fish (P>0.001). The levels of cadmium in seawater fish was significantly higher than freshwater fish (P>0.001), and as for the level of mercury and lead, no significant difference was observed between the two types of freshwater fish and seawater fish. According to the results, we recommend that people can secure a part of their protein and unsaturated fatty acids need by consuming freshwater fish

The effect of Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey extract on the viability and the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell line

The aim of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. on the breast cancer cells to reveal the underlying mechanism of its anti-breast cancer properties. In this experimental study, triple negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) was cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium. Hydroalcoholic extract (70:30) of aerial parts of the plant was prepared. The cultured cells were treated with different concentrations (0-1000 μg/ml) of E. szovitsii extract for 24 and 48 hours. Toxicity of the extract on MDA-MB-231 cells was examined using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) test. The Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit was used to evaluate apoptosis and necrosis. Flow cytometry technique was employed to differentiate different phases of the cell cycle in the cells. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. After 24 and 48h, the IC50 values were respectively 76.78 (95% CI=60.75 to 97.05; R=0.8588) and 59.71 (95% CI=46.25 to 77.09; R=0.8543) μg/ml for E. szovitsii, The extract exhibited antiproliferative effects against MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V-FITC/PI assay confirmed that the extract was able to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, treatment with the extract resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Therefore, E. szovitsii could induce apoptosis and arrest cycle arrest in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. It might be a good resource of natural products for producing anti-breast cancer drug

Effects of light regimes on growth and survival of Penaeus semisuleatus

We investigated the possible effects of light regimes on growth and survival rate of juvenile shrimp Penaeus semisuicants cultured in Bushehr Province, southern Iran. Five light regimes each with three replications were applied for 30 days. The treatments were 24 1 0, 18 / 6, 12 1 12, 6 1 18 and 0 124 hours of light and darkness. We found that the treatment 12 7 12 hours of light and darkness was better than 18 1 6 and significantly superior to other treatments (P<0.05). The lowest growth rate was seen in the treatment 24 / 0 (P<0.001 ). We did not find a significant difference in the survival rate of the shrimps cultured in the light and darkness treatments (P<0.05)

Determination of biotechniqe and bionormative of breeding and culturing of Penaeus merguiensis de Man in Bushehr Area

To introduce the native commercial shrimp species to aquaculture industry, the Iranian Fisheries Research Organization conducted a project to investigate the possibility of reproduction and cultivation of the banana shrimp (Penaeus merguensis). The present work has been carried out from 21st March 2001 in two phase, reproduction and cultivation, in Iran Shrimp Research Center. The main objectives of this study was to find the possibility of reproduction and cultivation of banana shrimp with emphasis on its cost and benefit and to find if this species could be introduced to aquaculture industry in Iran. In this work, 42 brood stocks of banana shrimp caught in Jask waters and were transported to Bushehr. The shrimps were reproduced in aquaculture research station, and then cultivated in 0.4 ha ponds in Heleh region. Most of the broodstocks perished, due to long distance of Jask from Bushehr province, or had problem in hatching. Finally 8 of broodstock shrimps spawned. In 3 cases, the reared naplii larva suffered high mortality, but the other 5 spawner’s bread successfully. The post larvae were introduced to the shrimp ponds. The primary stocking was 360,000 larvae, introduced to each of two 4 m 3 tanks. The survival in both tanks for mysis stage was 83% but for PL stages, the survival was 5% for Tank 1 due to disease outbreak (until PL 24), and 62% for Tank 2. On 10 th June 2001 the PL 24 were stocked into the ponds but unfortunately due to adaptation problem, all of the shrimps perished. It seems that banana shrimp couldn’t to be adapted to the pond condition in Heleh region. On the basis of the results, the reproduction of the banana shrimps is achievable, but broodstocks needs to be transferred to reproduction areas as soon as possible to reduce stress on the shrimps. Our finding shows that the optimum conditions of salinity and temperature for growth of the reared banana shrimp in Heleh region is 33ppt and 30 °C, respectively

Study on brood stock management of Litopenaeus vannamei using imported post larvae

In order to domesticate Litopenaeus vannamei as a solution to single species shrimp aquaculture of Penaeus indicus and to reduce risk of shrimp culture in emergency cases, this study was carried out. Initially the postlarvae reared from imported L. vannamei were cultured. After culture season the adult shrimps were transported to greenhouse ponds for wintering. It is then relocated to hatchery saloon. After eye stalk ablation and maturation the female brood stocks were introduced to matured male for copulation at ponds. During the study period, male and female shrimp’s attained full maturation at end – April by temperature over 25ºC, the copulation process was started significantly. Finally of the 12 instances of copulation, one instance resulted nauplii production. The best maturation was observed at 28 ֯C ±1 and salinity30 to 33PPT and pH of 8 to 8.3 Fresh sea worms and squid showed the highest effect on fecundity in brood stocks. Besides, the spring season was obtained to be the best period for brood stock production in Bushehr province

The monitoring of hydrology and hydrobiology stydies of the Persian Gulf in the Bushehr region

This study has been carried out in waters of Bushehr province in the Persian Gulf covering Nayband bay to Bahregansar between 26° 45 N to 30° 00 N and 49° 45 E to 52° 45 E, 15 main and 5 sub- stations, by R/V Ferdows 1 in winter 2004, summer 2004 and winter 2005. The physico - chemical parameters, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite), phyto, zooplanktons, sediments and macrobenthoses were collected from water layers and sea bottom, and then analysed. The parameters were compared and evaluated with the results of the previous work, conducted in the same area. Termocline, halocline, oxycline and picnocline layers were formed in summer. These clins disappeared due to water column mixing in winter. The values of temperature, conductivity and pH in summer were higher than those of in winter, while the salinity and density values of surface and subsurface layers in winter were higher than those of in summer. The temperature and conductivity have been decreased from surface to depth, from coastal rigions to offshore and from southern waters to northwern waters, while salinity, density and turbidity have been increased. The dissolved oxygen is decreased by increasing the values of temperature, salinity and depth and it is observed that D.O. has increased in correlation with chlorophyl a in mean and subsurface layers. The pH was rather decreased from surface to depth while turbidity was increased. Orthosilicate (Si_SiO44), nitrate (N_NO3), and nitrite (N_NO2 ) concentration have increased from surface to depth while orthophostate (P_PO43) decreased. Among the phytoplanktons, Dinophycea had most abundance in winter 2004 and Diatoms had most abundance, variety and distribution in summer 2004 and winter 2005. Among the zooplanktons, Copeopda had most abundance, variety and distribution. The intensity of phytoplanktons in summer was more than those in winter; it decreased from surface to depth and from coastal rigions to offshore, at first increased and then gradually decreases. Intensity of zooplanktons in summer was more than those in winter and decreased from surface layers to depth and from coastal waters to offshore. The abundance of benthoses in summer was more than that in winter while their biomass in winter was more than that in summer. The abundance decreased from southern to northwern waters, but the rate of decrease in biomass was more than that of abundance. The mainly texture of sediments was loamy or muddy and the grain size in southeastern and northwestern areas were coarser than those in middle area. Compared with the previous study, the trend of physico chemical, silicate, nitrate and nitrite were the same but in spite of the past, the values of pH in summer were more than those in winter and also phosphate concentration had been decreased frome surface layer to depth. The overall trends of phyto and zooplanktons densities are almost similar to previous observation, but cyanophyceae significantly decreased, in comparison with spring and summer abundance. It is also observed that the zooplanktons average density has been in reverse order compared to previous observations. Average concentration of phosphate in the entire region was seven times more than that of the former study and its maximum value has rised more than 26 times in the petroleum and gas industries areas. On the other hand, the abundance and diversity of phyto and zooplanktons and also the ratio of biomass to abundance of benthoses were decreased

Investigating the application of spawning shelter of cattle fish for its enhancement of resources

In this project, four types of structures, of 40 number was investigated. In a six month period, the structures were inspected 13 times. The total weight and number of eggs hatched on the structures were estimated to be 214.1kg and 94944 respectively. The weight and number of eggs settled on trap types were 141.9 and 60982 respectively, whereas, The eggs on cubical structures were estimated 56.7kg and 27088 ,on pyramid structures 7.9 and 3941 and then also were 6.9 kg and 3280 eggs on cylindrical structures respectively. It is also estimated that 358 eggs were settled on The connecting line weighting 0.5kg. In this report four types of structures was compared. As a result, the trap, cubical, pyramid and cylindrical structures had contributed to the settelment of 66, 27, 4 and 3 percent of eggs in weight. While 64, 29, 4 and 3 percent of eggs in number was settled on these structures respectively. Thus it is concluded that the trap structures fallowed by cubical ones had acted more effectively relative to other two. If based on the results of other studies, we assume 80% survival rate of eggs and average weight of 1.2 kg of survival growth cuttlefish, then it can be calculated that 160 structures can contribute to 91 tons increase in cuttlefish stock in one area of 4 to 5 acre. It is obvious that by planning an annual increase of the structures, it is possible to attract more spawners to spawn and produce more larvae. Moreover,The old structures will be covered by corals and barnacles and become Amore stalie and attractive spawning ground for cuttlefish

Investigation of two crop culture of western white shrimp

Two crop culture of western white shrimp with 2 treatments and 2 replicates in each treatments in earthen ponds with area 0.4 hectares at a density of 20 pl 18 in each square meter were done. For the culture of shrimp in the second stage, the post larvae cultured in nursery pond with area of 0.25 hectare, and density of 96 post larvae in each square meter, and then transfer to the rearing ponds. In each pond, 2 aerators with potency of 3 horsepower fixed. Every day horsepower clarified at 21p.m. to 23 p.m and out at 6 a.m to 7 a.m. The first stage of culture begun in 19 April with pl 18. The yield pick-up after 96 days. The stocking of pl in the nursery ponds was done in 25 July with pl16 and after 38 days hunted and transferred to second stage culture. The second culture was done in 1 September and pick-up after 65 days. For feeding of shrimps we used commercial food numbers 4001 until 4006. In the first mount the feeding of shrimps were done as blind feed and then with the shrimps biomass and with research of feeding trays. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH daily in 2 times at the morning (6 a.m) and evening (at 15 p.m) and the salinity, transparency and water depth 1 time daily measured. In the first culture period (96 days), the mean weight, length, daily weight gain, FCR, survival percent shrimp production were 14.03 gr, 12.08 cm, 0.15 gr, 1.02 gr, 92 percent and 2132 kilograms and in the second culture period (65 days) 14.55 gr, 12.48 cm, 0.22 gr, 0.84, 73 percent and 2675 kilogarms measuered respectively. Totally, in the second period culture the initial weight of shrimps was higher than the first period culture 1.95 gr and 0.008 gr respectively, therefore growth indexes in the second period were better than the first culture period. Coefficient of determination of weight and lenth of shrimps with increase of cultue days, in the first and second culture periods, in the total cases the number were higher than 0.97. This shown that the role of increase of days on the increase of weight and lenth is higher than 97 percent. Also, determination of product moment, showed that there is very strong correlation between increase of days and increase of weight and lenth and between weight and lenth (0.97 to 0.99)