A comparative study between two methods of analgesic administration (PRN, Scheduled) on postoperative patients

Postoperative pain is one of the complex problems in medicine and for relieve of this pain there are numerous methods that two of them are scheduled and PRN. For comparison of these two methods we proposed a prospective, double blind study in two groups of patients with abdominal operations. Each group included 110 patients and our study was based on MC Gill questionnaire, with which pain sensations of two groups were assessed. In PRN procedure patients had more pain, more pulse rates and more respiratory rate. But, number of injections and nursary services were more in scheduled procedure. In summary, scheduled procedure had better results for patient convenience but it needed more injection and nursary services. Although by matching the time of injection with other drug administration, we can reduce this personal service. The defects of scheduled procedure is that, some patients, because of their personality and psychologic status may need different doses of analgesic but in scheduled procedure we condemn them to a constant dose of analgesic

Assessment The Agricultural Student's Attitudes Towards Organic Farming (Case of Iran)

A surveying research was conducted to study and recognize the knowledge and attitude of students toward organic farming at three universities of Iran in 2010. Our consumption patterns and environmental behaviors are rooted in long lived practices and habits. Social norms and values are among the factors that determine what we buy or what we think about organic products. As they are largely unconscious it is difficult to change them. Students are the agriculturist of tomorrow; therefore policies aimed at developing organic farming should address the needs of this group. To discover agriculturist's knowledge organic farming, a survey among 100 agricultural students was conducted. Questionnaire was used to examine students’ knowledge regarding organic farming. Finding is shown that agriculturist's awareness towards organic farming are low, especially in Pests management and Organic product standards aspect. The result of factor analysis showed that nine factors named as concepts, Nutrient safety and security, Organic farming economic, Organic farming extension, Social issue, fertility, Pests management, Environment safety, Organic product standard explained 73.71% of total variance that the first factor accounts for 11.98% of the variance, the second 10.954%, the third 9.191%, the fourth 8.505%, the fifth 8.426%, the sixth 7.536%, the seventh 7.015%, the eighth 5.746% and the ninth 4.364%. In conclusion, to enhance student knowledge about organic farming, it is important that curriculum develops for familiar student with organic farming practices and concepts such as: ecological equilibrium, agro ecosystem sustainability, new technology and indigenous knowledge, nutrition value, human safety, favorite yield production, soil structure improvement, erosion reduces and etc

Enzyme activity in terrestrial soil in relation to exploration of the Martian surface

Urease activity in soil is persistent for long periods under low water, low temperature, and sterile regimes, and it was suggested that some form of enzyme-protective mechanism exists in soil. Dublin soil was extracted by sonication in water followed by adding a mixture of salts. Urease activity is associated with the organo-mineral complex thus obtained and is resistant to the activities of proteolytic enzymes. Clay free soil organic matter prepared subsequently by filtration also exhibits urease activity which is resistant to proteolysis. Models consisting of enzymes with bentonite and lignin were found to mimic this resistance to proteolysis. A model system is presented which suggests both the origin and location of soil ureases and a reason for their persistence in nature

Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis: A cohort study in Isfahan, Iran

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorder, affects 2.3 million people around the world. Cancer kills around 7.5 million people annually. Both diseases have similar risks and intertwining molecular causes. Most studies focusing on MS and cancer have found an insignificant difference or reduction in the amount of cancer found in the MS community. Methods: We performed a cohort study using data from Isfahan Multiple Sclerosis Society (IMSS) and Isfahan cancer society and followed-up for 8 years on average (2006-2014). All of the 1718 MS patients were diagnosed according to McDonald's criteria, then standardized incidence ratio and the numbers of expected cancer case were calculated. Results: While patients had an insignificant change in cancer prevalence, men had fewer cancer cases and women showed an increased prevalence of cancer. Certain types of cancer proved statistically significant. Breast cancer, nervous system cancers, and lymphoma were elevated in the cohort. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that MS significantly affects certain cancers in a protective or associative manner. All cancer rates, except breast cancer, cancers located in the nervous system, and lymphomas were reduced in cohort, suggesting that unregulated immune function may provide protective effects to MS patients against cancer

Ball-and-finger system: modeling and optimal trajectories

A rigid-body model of a finger interacting with a trackball is considered. The proposed system is a suitable candidate for studying trajectory generation when interaction plays an important role, such as in assembly and manipulation tasks. The mathematical model consists of a ball with a spherical joint constraint, a finger with three degrees of freedom, and the Coulomb friction model. From first principles, we derive a hybrid, high-index differential-algebraic equation for modeling the system dynamics, which is used for both simulation and finding optimal trajectories. For this problem, task planning, path planning, and trajectory generation are strongly interrelated, which makes using an integrated approach to trajectory generation inevitable. Moreover, the trajectory generation algorithm has to handle a number of important features, e.g., unilateral and non-holonomic constraints

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of the Anticonvulsant Activity of Some Benzylacetamides Based on Genetic Algorithm-Based Multiple Linear Regression

Purpose: To develop the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for predicting the anticonvulsant activity of α-substituted acetamido-N-benzylacetamide derivatives.Methods: AM1 semiempirical quantum chemical calculation method was used to find the optimum 3D geometry of the studied molecules. Two types of molecular descriptors, including the 2D autocorrelation and GETAWAY descriptors, were used to derive a quantitative relation between anticonvulsant activity and structural properties. The relevant molecular descriptors were selected by genetic algorithm-based multiple linear regression (GA-MLR) approach.Results: The high value of the correlation coefficient, R2 (0.900), indicate that the model was satisfactory.Conclusion: The proposed model has good stability, robustness and predictability when verified by internal and external validation.Keywords: Anticonvulsant, Benzylacetamides, 2D Autocorrelation, Quantitative structure-activity relationships, Multiple linear regression