The Prevalence of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Horses Fecal Samples

Dietary components and changes cause shifts in the gastrointestinal microbial ecology that can play a role in animal health and a wide range of diseases. However, most information about the microbial populations in the gut of horses has not been quantitative. The objective of this study was to characterize the fecal bacterial and its prevalence in healthy horses and diarrheal one in a period from September 2010 to July 2013. Out of 100 Fecal samples of horses (from farms in Al-furusyia club) in Baghdad were examined for microbial differentiation founded eighty percent of the fecal samples isolated from healthy horses. The most common pathogen found were Streptococcus spp. (33.7%), Escherichia coli (20.9%), , and Staphylococcus aureus (9.2%). Relatively low frequency of detection was found for serratia marcescens spp. (0.6%), Acintobacter spp.(1.2%), (1.8%) for Enterococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter diversus , Pseudomonas spp (2.5%), Salmonella spp. (3.1%), and Listeria monocytogenes (0.0%) . Key words: Fecal samples, Aerobic bacteria, Isolation, Horses

Cholinesterase inhibition in chicks treated with manganese chloride

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of manganese chloride in drinking water at 1 g/L on the plasma and brain chicks AChE activity in vivo and in vitro. At 14-day-old manganese caused significant decrease in the acetycholinestrase activity in the brain of chicks about 36%. While there was no significant inhibition in plasma AChE. Dichlorvos at 7 mg/kg, orally significantly inhibited plasma and brain AChE activity. Dichlorvos at 0.5 and 1 µl significantly inhibited plasma and brain cholinesterase activity in vitro, while manganese not affected on the cholinesterase activity in vitro. manganese with dichlorvos caused decrease in ration of AchE inhibited at 7 days old in brain and plasma AChE to 59% and 69% respectively, while increased in the ratio of inhibition at 14 days old in brain and plasma AChE activity of chicks to 64% and 91% respectively. The results suggested that manganese chloride caused decrease inhibition of AChE activity in brain of chicks manganese with dichlorvos causes decrease in the inhibited ratio of plasma and brain at 7 days old while causes increased the ratio of inhibition at 14 days old

On aNew Class of Meromorphically Univalent Functions with Applications to Geometric Functions

In this work, we inform a new class of meromorphic univalent function.We derive basic properties such ascoefficient estimates, convex set, extremepoints, radius of starlikeness and convexity, hadamard product, integraloperator

Use of Bernstein Polynomial in Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Fred Holm Integral Equation

In this paper, Bernstein polynomials with different degree has been used to approximate the solution of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations. A comparison between the different degree of Bernstein polynomials has been made depending on absolute error and least squares errors. keywords: Nonlinear Fredholm Integral equation, Bernstein polynomia

Evaluating the translation of implementation science to clinical artificial intelligence: a bibliometric study of qualitative research

2023 Hogg, Al-Zubaidy, Keane, Hughes, Beyer and Maniatopoulos.Introduction: Whilst a theoretical basis for implementation research is seen as advantageous, there is little clarity over if and how the application of theories, models or frameworks (TMF) impact implementation outcomes. Clinical artificial intelligence (AI) continues to receive multi-stakeholder interest and investment, yet a significant implementation gap remains. This bibliometric study aims to measure and characterize TMF application in qualitative clinical AI research to identify opportunities to improve research practice and its impact on clinical AI implementation. Methods: Qualitative research of stakeholder perspectives on clinical AI published between January 2014 and October 2022 was systematically identified. Eligible studies were characterized by their publication type, clinical and geographical context, type of clinical AI studied, data collection method, participants and application of any TMF. Each TMF applied by eligible studies, its justification and mode of application was characterized. Results: Of 202 eligible studies, 70 (34.7%) applied a TMF. There was an 8-fold increase in the number of publications between 2014 and 2022 but no significant increase in the proportion applying TMFs. Of the 50 TMFs applied, 40 (80%) were only applied once, with the Technology Acceptance Model applied most frequently (n = 9). Seven TMFs were novel contributions embedded within an eligible study. A minority of studies justified TMF application (n = 51,58.6%) and it was uncommon to discuss an alternative TMF or the limitations of the one selected (n = 11,12.6%). The most common way in which a TMF was applied in eligible studies was data analysis (n = 44,50.6%). Implementation guidelines or tools were explicitly referenced by 2 reports (1.0%). Conclusion: TMFs have not been commonly applied in qualitative research of clinical AI. When TMFs have been applied there has been (i) little consensus on TMF selection (ii) limited description of selection rationale and (iii) lack of clarity over how TMFs inform research. We consider this to represent an opportunity to improve implementation science\u27s translation to clinical AI research and clinical AI into practice by promoting the rigor and frequency of TMF application. We recommend that the finite resources of the implementation science community are diverted toward increasing accessibility and engagement with theory informed practices. The considered application of theories, models and frameworks (TMF) are thought to contribute to the impact of implementation science on the translation of innovations into real-world care. The frequency and nature of TMF use are yet to be described within digital health innovations, including the prominent field of clinical AI. A well-known implementation gap, coined as the “AI chasm” continues to limit the impact of clinical AI on real-world care. From this bibliometric study of the frequency and quality of TMF use within qualitative clinical AI research, we found that TMFs are usually not applied, their selection is highly varied between studies and there is not often a convincing rationale for their selection. Promoting the rigor and frequency of TMF use appears to present an opportunity to improve the translation of clinical AI into practice

PCR Detection of Enterotoxins and Methecillin Resistances Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from local food in Sulaimania City

Present study was carried out to evaluate bacterial contaminated foods in local markets of Sulaimania city. A total 250 samples were examined for isolation and identification of Staph. aureus, that producer to enterotoxins and resistances to methicillin . The samples included dressing of cake, soft chesses (white), ready to eat foods, red meat, and poultry. The results appeared that: the incidence of Staphylococci were identified in 175 (70%) of the total samples from those; 104(42%) were positive for Staph. aureus which had the ability to grow on the mannitol salt agar media, the most contaminate foods were dressing of cake  51% and soft chess 45% , While red meat was 44% and poultry 48% as well as ready to eat foods which contaminated with 35% of the samples. According to biochemical testes;  Staph. aureus isolates had the ability to produce many enzymes like protease lipase, lethicinase , Coagulase , Catalase, also could fermented mannitol anaerobically and Hemolysin production, while all the isolates were oxidase negative. The production of enterotoxin tested by culture methods for Staph. aureus    isolates showed that 57.14% of the isolates were enterotoxin producer. The  producer isolates were confirmed by PCR to detect the existence of (sea, seb and sec) genes, so 55%of the tested isolates possessed these genes. Sensitivity to antibiotics applied to Staph. aureus isolates that enterotoxin producer revealed different percentage of sensetivity to different antibiotics, the isolates appeared sensitivity toward pencillin, methicillin, vancomycin. The Methicillin resistance Staph. aureus which tested by disk diffusion methods was 81.6%, but by PCR was 73.3%

Evaluating the translation of implementation science to clinical artificial intelligence: a bibliometric study of qualitative research

INTRODUCTION: Whilst a theoretical basis for implementation research is seen as advantageous, there is little clarity over if and how the application of theories, models or frameworks (TMF) impact implementation outcomes. Clinical artificial intelligence (AI) continues to receive multi-stakeholder interest and investment, yet a significant implementation gap remains. This bibliometric study aims to measure and characterize TMF application in qualitative clinical AI research to identify opportunities to improve research practice and its impact on clinical AI implementation. METHODS: Qualitative research of stakeholder perspectives on clinical AI published between January 2014 and October 2022 was systematically identified. Eligible studies were characterized by their publication type, clinical and geographical context, type of clinical AI studied, data collection method, participants and application of any TMF. Each TMF applied by eligible studies, its justification and mode of application was characterized. RESULTS: Of 202 eligible studies, 70 (34.7%) applied a TMF. There was an 8-fold increase in the number of publications between 2014 and 2022 but no significant increase in the proportion applying TMFs. Of the 50 TMFs applied, 40 (80%) were only applied once, with the Technology Acceptance Model applied most frequently (n = 9). Seven TMFs were novel contributions embedded within an eligible study. A minority of studies justified TMF application (n = 51,58.6%) and it was uncommon to discuss an alternative TMF or the limitations of the one selected (n = 11,12.6%). The most common way in which a TMF was applied in eligible studies was data analysis (n = 44,50.6%). Implementation guidelines or tools were explicitly referenced by 2 reports (1.0%). CONCLUSION: TMFs have not been commonly applied in qualitative research of clinical AI. When TMFs have been applied there has been (i) little consensus on TMF selection (ii) limited description of selection rationale and (iii) lack of clarity over how TMFs inform research. We consider this to represent an opportunity to improve implementation science's translation to clinical AI research and clinical AI into practice by promoting the rigor and frequency of TMF application. We recommend that the finite resources of the implementation science community are diverted toward increasing accessibility and engagement with theory informed practices. The considered application of theories, models and frameworks (TMF) are thought to contribute to the impact of implementation science on the translation of innovations into real-world care. The frequency and nature of TMF use are yet to be described within digital health innovations, including the prominent field of clinical AI. A well-known implementation gap, coined as the "AI chasm" continues to limit the impact of clinical AI on real-world care. From this bibliometric study of the frequency and quality of TMF use within qualitative clinical AI research, we found that TMFs are usually not applied, their selection is highly varied between studies and there is not often a convincing rationale for their selection. Promoting the rigor and frequency of TMF use appears to present an opportunity to improve the translation of clinical AI into practice

Metoclopramide protection of diazinon-induced toxicosis in chickens

The efficacy of metoclopramide for preventing organophosphate insecticide-induced (diazinon) toxicosis was evaluated in 7~14 days old chicks. Injection of metoclopramide at 25 mg/kg, s.c. 15 min before diazinon increased the oral 24 h median lethal dose of the insecticide in the chicks by 80%. Metoclopramide alone inhibited the in vitro and in vivo plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities of the chicks. Metoclopramide pretreatment at 100 mg/kg, s.c. reduced the extent of cholinesterase inhibition that was caused by diazinon (10 mg/kg, p.o.) in the plasma and whole brain by 24% and 7%, respectively. Diazinon at 10 mg/kg, p.o. produced signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks, and these signs included salivation, lacrimation, gasping and convulsions within 2 h, and the 2-h and 24-h lethalities were 88 and 100%, respectively. Metoclopramide at the dose rates of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, s.c. given 15 min before diazinon (10 mg/kg, p.o.) variably decreased the occurrence of toxic manifestations in the chicks. The highest dose of metoclopramide (200 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the 2-h and 24-h lethality of diazinon to 75% each and it reduced the overall toxicity score of diazinon by 32%. The data suggest that metoclopramide pretreatment only partially protected chicks against the acute toxicity of diazinon

The general practice perspective on barriers to integration between primary and social care: a London, United Kingdom-based qualitative interview study

Objective: There is an ongoing challenge of effective integration between primary and social care in the United Kingdom; current systems have led to fragmentation of services preventing holistic patient-centred care for vulnerable populations. To improve clinical outcomes and achieve financial efficiencies, the barriers to integration need to be identified and addressed. This study aims to explore the unique perspectives of frontline staff (General Practitioners and Practice Managers) towards these barriers to integration. Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to obtain results. Setting: General Practices within London. Participants: 18 General Practitioners (GPs) and 7 Practice Managers (PMs) based in London with experience of working with social care. Results: The study identified three overarching themes where frontline staff believed problems exist: accessing social services, interprofessional relationships, and infrastructure. Issues with contacting staff from other sectors creates delays in referrals for patient care and perpetuates existing logistical challenges. Likewise, professionals noted a hostile working culture between sectors that has resulted in silo working mentalities. In addition to staff being overworked as well as often inefficient multidisciplinary team meetings, poor relationships across sectors cause a diffusion of responsibility, impacting the speed with which patient requests are responded to. Furthermore, participants identified that a lack of interoperability between Information Systems, lack of pooled budgets and misaligned incentives between managerial staff compound the infrastructural divide between both sectors. Conclusion: In this study, primary care staff identify intangible barriers to integration such as poor interprofessional relationships, in addition to more well-described structural issues such as insufficient funding and difficulty accessing social care. Participants believe educating the next generation of medical professionals may lead to the development of collaborative, instead of siloed, working cultures and that change is needed at both an interpersonal and institutional level to successfully integrate care

Medical school teaching on interprofessional relationships between primary and social care to enhance communication and integration of care – a pilot study

Background: A pilot study to identify if the delivery of teaching session to medical students would have the potential to enhance communication and a culture of integration between primary and social care, ultimately improving interprofessional relationships between primary and social care. Health and social care integration is a topic of great debate in the developed world and the focus of the upcoming Green Paper by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in the NHS. There is much uncertainty to how this should be done and is hindered by the various current barriers. The literature identifies that collaborative cultures encourage effective interprofessional relationships and that communication is vital to integration of primary and social care and should be established early in medical training. Materials and Method: The General Medical Council’s Outcomes for Graduates and Imperial College School of Medicine curriculum were reviewed out to identify outcomes relating to inter-professional relationships between primary and social care. The relevant year group was surveyed to identify if the learning objective was delivered. In order to determine if delivery of a teaching session on nurturing interprofessional relationships between primary and social care would be effective, it was delivered to early clinical years to measure benefits as a pilot study. This was devised of case-based scenarios derived from learning objectives developed with experienced health care professionals. A survey was administered before and after the teaching session to determine if the students felt they had improved with respect to the learning objectives. Results: The initial survey identified the majority of students found the learning objectives were not delivered. The teaching session found a statistically significant improvement in confidence to nurture interprofessional relationships between primary and social care. Conclusion: Effective interprofessional relationships between primary and social care, improving communication and collaborative cultures, can be effectively taught in medical school, to improve integration of primary and social care