A single LC tank based active voltage balancing circuit for battery management system

Nowadays, battery operated vehicles and machine power tools are becoming popular due to their simple and compact structure, low operating and maintenance costs, moreover renewable energy utilization facility etc. In order to obtain the necessary operating voltage and current of these devices, many electric cells are combined together in series and parallel combination. A series battery balancing circuit can be used to improve the efficiency of each cell charging and discharging process and consequently increase the lifespan of it. A battery management system (BMS) needs an efficient balancing circuit. This paper presents a high-speed single LC-tank DC to DC converter based electric cell balancing schemes. Since the supercapacitors are equivalent of rechargeable battery; in this research two supercapacitors have been used instead of rechargeable batteries. The voltage balance has been maintained by charging and discharging the supercapacitors through a single LC-tank circuit. As a result, the overall voltage balancing time has been reduced and improved the circuit performance. Experimental result shows that the proposed balancing circuit can reduce the voltage difference between the two supercapacitors from 350 mV to 0 V in 284 seconds, which is less time than the existing system. Satu pengubah resonan sesiri telah direka bagi mengimbangi aras voltan pada kenderaan beroperasikan bateri dan pada mesin jana kuasa yang menjadi semakin popular.Ini kerana strukturnya yang mudah dan kompak, kos operasi dan penyelenggaraan yang rendah, termasuk kemudahan penggunaan tenaga kitar semula dan sebagainya. Bagi mendapatkan voltan dan arus operasi yang sesuai, banyak sel elektrik telah digabungkan bersama dalam gabungan sesiri dan selari. Litar pengimbang bateri sesiri boleh digunakan bagi meningkatkan kecekapan setiap proses pengecasan dan penyahcas sel dan sekaligus meningkatkan jangka hayat sel. Sistem pengurusan bateri (BMS) memerlukan litar pengimbang yang cekap. Kertas ini membentangkan tentang satu pengubah DC-DC tangki-LC berkelajuan tinggi berdasarkan skim pengimbang sel elektrik. Oleh kerana supercapacitors bertindak seperti bateri boleh cas semula; penyelidikan ini telah mengguna pakai dua super-kapasitor dan bukan bateri boleh cas semula. Baki voltan telah dikekalkan dengan mengecas dan menyahcas super-kapasitor menggunakan satu litar tangki-LC. Dengan ini, masa pengimbang keseluruhan voltan dapat dikurangkan dan kecekapan litar dapat ditingkatkan. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan litar pengimbang yang dicadangkan dapat mengurangkan perbezaan voltan antara dua super-kapasitor dari 350 mV kepada 0 V dalam tempoh 284 saat, kurang daripada masa sistem sedia ada

A series regeneration converter technique for voltage balancing of energy storage devices

A single series resonant converter has been designed to balance the voltage level of a storage battery for electric vehicles. The proposed design has been simulated and verified by using two 100F supercapacitors instate of the conventional rechargeable battery. A voltage monitoring circuit detects the voltage condition of the individual capacitor and sends the voltage status to the control circuit for action. A technique has been developed to control a set of switches to transfer the current between the capacitor to balance the voltage level. The MATLAB simulated result shows the balancing circuit decreases the voltage difference between the two supercapacitors from 200 mV to 0V in 140 seconds, which is less than the existing methods. This fast voltage balancing technique can be used in the battery management system or electric vehicles for long lasting the battery life

Active voltage balancing circuit using single switched-capacitor and series LC resonant energy carrier

Single switched-capacitor and series LC resonant converter-based active voltage balancing circuit are presented in this Letter. This converter is proposed to balance the cell voltage in series-connected electrochemical energy storage devices namely battery or supercapacitor. This balancing circuit directly transfers the energy from higher capacitive energy storage cells to lower energy storage cells in the string. It realises the maximum energy recovery and zero voltage gap between the cells and overcomes the drawback of switching loss, conduction loss, balancing time duration, and the voltage difference between the cells of conventional switched-capacitor as well as single LC converter. The details of the balancing circuit operation, theoretical, and mathematical analysis are presented. The experimental result demonstrated that the balancing circuit result where the voltage difference is 451–0 mV in 124 min for two 12 V, 4.5 Ah lead-acid batteries

Review of electric vehicle energy storage and management system: Standards, issues, and challenges

Renewable energy is in high demand for a balanced ecosystem. There are different types of energy storage systems available for long-term energy storage, lithium-ion battery is one of the most powerful and being a popular choice of storage. This review paper discusses various aspects of lithium-ion batteries based on a review of 420 published research papers at the initial stage through 101 published research articles that have been finally reviewed. This review paper focuses on several topics, including electrical vehicle (EV) systems, energy management systems, challenges and issues, and the conclusions and recommendations for future work. EV systems discuss all components that are included in producing the lithium-ion battery. The energy storage section contains the batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, hybrid storage, power, temperature, and heat management. Energy management systems consider battery monitoring for current and voltage, battery charge-discharge control, estimation and protection, cell equalization. This paper's challenges and issues discuss some of the critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries, including temperature and safety, life-cycle and memory effects, environmental effects, and recycling processes. The conclusion and recommendation of this paper indicate the future scope of research. This review paper can provide the lithium-ion battery's insight, overall synopsis and contribution, and further research directions to the EV system

Modeling and performance analysis of an adaptive PID speed controller for the BLDC Motor

Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor is themost popular useable motor for automation and industry. For good performance of the BLDC motor hunger driving circuit but the driving circuit is costly, complex control mechanism, various parameter dependency and low torque. The Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), fuzzy logic, adaptive, Quantity Feedback Theory (QFT), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller are the common types of control method existing for the BLDC motor. This research explores some well-working experiments and identified the PID controller as far more applicable controller. For well efficacious and useful in getting satisfied control performance if the adaptability is implemented. This research proposed a combined method using PID and PID auto tuner, having the ability to improve the system adaptability, given the method named as adaptive PID controller. To verify the performance, MATLAB simulation platform was used, and a benchmark system was developed based on the actual BLDC motor parameters, auxiliary systems, and mathematically solved parameters. All work has done by using MATLAB/Simulink

Dynamic load modeling for bulk load-using synchrophasors with wide area measurement system for smart grid real-time load monitoring and optimization

Bulk data modeling in a smart grid dynamic network has been performed using an automated load modeling tool (ALMT), an on-load tap changer, and exponential dynamic load modeling. However, studies have observed that a small parameter variation may lead to considerable variations in measuring grid big data. Therefore, this study presents dynamic real-time load modeling, monitoring, and optimization method for the bulk load. The case study was conducted on Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB), Malaysia. The grid system’s real-time data and load modeling achieved the objectives. Dynamic load model was achieved by using load response in MATLAB Simulink environment. This paper also includes new parameter estimations of the load composition at the selected bus. The simulation results of load models were compared with the recorded data by applying an event of bus tripping time interval. The Least Square Error Method was used to converge the estimated parameter values on load composition and compared with the actual recorded data until optimized load models were achieved. This work is a precious and significant contribution to utility research to identify, monitor, and optimize the most appropriate representation of system loads

A Series Regeneration Converter Technique for Voltage Balancing of Energy Storage Devices

A single series resonant converter has been designed to balance the voltage level of a storage battery for electric vehicles. The proposed design has been simulated and verified by using two 100F supercapacitors instate of the conventional rechargeable battery. A voltage monitoring circuit detects the voltage condition of the individual capacitor and sends the voltage status to the control circuit for action. A technique has been developed to control a set of switches to transfer the current between the capacitor to balance the voltage level. The MATLAB simulated result shows the balancing circuit decreases the voltage difference between the two supercapacitors from 200 mV to 0V in 140 seconds, which is less than the existing methods. This fast voltage balancing technique can be used in the battery management system or electric vehicles for long lasting the battery life. Keywords: Voltage balancing; electric vehicles; supercapacitor; battery; series resonant converte

A comparative study of electrochemical battery for electric vehicles applications

In Green transportation system, electric vehicle (EV) has become one of the most proficient technologies. In EV automotive industries, energy storage system is the most important sector to economic and ecological issues. Electrochemical battery technology is a fundamental category of EV and has a great market for energy storage system. It is essential to recognize system cost and lifetime, descend from the difficulty of assembly a high- power, high-energy, energy density, and flexible electrochemical system of electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this paper a rigorous study on EV application battery properties, formation, and comparison on advantages and disadvantages. It is observed that some batteries have good feature to run the EV. Green transportation system needs a smart energy storage system. Hopefully, in this review the feature of different types of batteries will be highlighted that will lead to choose the battery system in the EV application

Do Community Water Sources Provide Safe Drinking Water? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Rural Bangladesh

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