Seasonal variations in monoterpene profiles and ecophysiological traits in Mediterranean pine species of group ‘halepensis’

Foliar and cortical terpene profile, and needle gas exchange and water potential of P. halepensis, P. brutia and P. eldarica were compared over three consecutive seasons (1996-1998) in an experimental plantation nearby Firenze (Italy). Terpene percentages in mature tissue (cortex and needle) did not change in response to water stress during summer period and remained stable through seasons and years. Terpene profiles were not affected by seasonal drought, and are thus valuable to characterize Mediterranean pine species of the group “halepensis”. There was a threshold-type response of maximum daily gas exchange to decreasing predawn water potential in all pines. Net photosynthesis and needle conductance were linearly related, regardless of the species

The effect of residential urban greenness on allergic respiratory diseases in youth: A narrative review

Background: Environmental exposures across the life course may be a contributor to the increased worldwide prevalence of respiratory and allergic diseases occurring in the last decades. Asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis especially contribute to the global burden of disease. Greenness has been suggested to have beneficial effects in terms of reduction of occurrence of allergic respiratory diseases. However, the available evidence of a relationship between urban greenness and childhood health outcomes is not yet conclusive. The current review aimed at investigating the current state of evidence, exploring the relationship between children's exposure to residential urban greenness and development of allergic respiratory diseases, jointly considering health outcomes and study design. Methods: The search strategy was designed to identify studies linking urban greenness exposure to asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and lung function in children and adolescents. This was a narrative review of literature following PRISMA guidelines performed using electronic search in databases of PubMed and Embase (Ovid) from the date of inception to December 2018. Results: Our search strategy identified 2315 articles; after exclusion of duplicates (n = 701), 1614 articles were screened. Following review of titles and abstracts, 162 articles were identified as potentially eligible. Of these, 148 were excluded following full-text evaluation, and 14 were included in this review. Different methods for assessing greenness exposure were found; the most used was Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Asthma, wheezing, bronchitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic symptoms, lung function, and allergic sensitization were the outcomes assessed in the identified studies; among them, asthma was the one most frequently investigated. Conclusions: The present review showed inconsistencies in the results mainly due to differences in study design, population, exposure assessment, geographic region, and ascertainment of outcome. Overall, there is a suggestion of an association between urban greenness in early life and the occurrence of allergic respiratory diseases during childhood, although the evidence is still inconsistent. It is therefore hard to draw a conclusive interpretation, so that the understanding of the impact of greenness on allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents remains difficult

Health co-benefits of climate change action in Italy

The climate breakdown is increasingly affecting the health of people around the world. As weather extremes intensify, the global health burden of unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyles, and air pollution increases too. Against this backdrop, overstretched health systems can take stock of the co-benefits that a low carbon transition could deliver if health is prioritised in climate policies.1 Yet, as pointed out in a recent commentary,2 the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, UK, put little focus on health-related goals. Similarly, health is often disregarded in countries’ nationally determined contributions and in national climate policies. The dissociation between public health policy and climate action translates into millions of avoidable adverse health outcomes and deaths each year. For example, reducing greenhouse gas emissions also reduces the effect of air pollution, which is the largest environmental cause of disease and mortality in Europe in terms of measurable effect

The impact of winter flooding with saline water on foliar carbon uptake and the volatile fraction of leaves and fruits of lemon (Citrus limon) trees

We investigated the consequences of recurrent winter flooding with saline water on a lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.) orchard, focussing on photosynthesis limitations and emission of secondary metabolites (isoprenoids) from leaves and fruits. Measurements were carried out immediately after flooding (December), at the end of winter (April) and after a dry summer in which plants were irrigated with optimal quality water (September). Photosynthesis was negatively affected by flooding. The effect was still visible at the end of winter, whereas the photosynthetic rate was fully recovered after summer, indicating an unexpected resilience capacity of flooded plants. Photosynthesis inhibition by flooding was not due to diffusive limitations to CO2 entry into the leaf, as indicated by measurements of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Biochemical and photochemical limitations seemed to play a more important role in limiting the photosynthesis of flooded plants. In young leaves, characterised by high rates of mitochondrial respiration, respiratory rates were enhanced by flooding. Flooding transiently caused large and rapid emission of several volatile isoprenoids. Emission of limonene, the most abundant compound, was stimulated in the leaves, and in young and mature fruits. Flooding changed the blend of emitted isoprenoids, but only few changes were observed in the stored isoprenoids pool.

Within-plant variation in rosmarinus officinalis l. Terpenes and phenols and their antimicrobial activity against the rosemary phytopathogens alternaria alternata and pseudomonas viridiflava

This study investigated within-plant variability of the main bioactive compounds in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Volatile terpenes, including the enantiomeric distribution of monoterpenes, and phenols were analyzed in young and mature foliar, cortical and xylem tissues. In addition, antimicrobial activity of rosmarinic acid and selected terpenes was evaluated against two rosemary pathogens, Alternaria alternata and Pseudomonas viridiflava. Data showed that total concentration and relative contents of terpenes changed in relation to tissue source and age. Their highest total concentration was observed in the young leaves, followed by mature leaves, cortical and xylem tissues. Rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid contents did not show significant differences between leaf tissues of different ages, while young and mature samples showed variations in the content of four flavonoids. These results are useful for a more targeted harvesting of rosemary plants, in order to produce high-quality essential oils and phenolic extracts. Microbial tests showed that several terpenes and rosmarinic acid significantly inhibited the growth of typical rosemary pathogens. Overall, results on antimicrobial activity suggest the potential application of these natural compounds as biochemical markers in breeding programs aimed to select new chemotypes less susceptible to pathogen attacks, and as eco-friendly chemical alternatives to synthetic pesticides

Relevance of terpenoids on flammability of Mediterranean species: an experimental approach at a low radiant heat flux

One of the major factors influencing forest fuel combustion are terpenoids, a fraction of flammable Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) produced and stored by most Mediterranean species. The qualitative and quantitative effect of terpenoids on flammability has been only partially explained. In this study several major terpenoid-storing Mediterranean species (common cypress and three pines) were considered and compared to Holm oak as a reference non-storing species. The terpenoids were quantified via gas chromatography (GC-MS) analysis from both live fine fuel (LFF) and litter samples, and the relations between flammability and the terpenoids content were investigated by categories (Monoterpenoids, oxygenated Monoterpenoids, Sesquiterpenoids). The effect of fuel moisture content and species on ignition probability of LFF was also explored. A very different ignition probability was observed at the same fuel moisture content for the different species (Pinus spp. > C. sempervirens > Q. ilex). The stored terpenoids explained 19% to 50% of the whole flammability of both LFF and litter. Fuel moisture content (FMC) did not substantially change the relative effect of terpenoids on flammability, except in C. sempervirens. Monoterpenoids do not seem to significantly affect flammability, while sesquiterpenoids greatly influenced most flammability components, though their relative effect varied among species. A relation between storing structure of terpenoids and flammability was suggested. The results of this study indicate that isoprenoids should be included in physical models of the prediction and propagation of wildfire in Mediterranean vegetation as significant factors in driving flammability. © SISEF

Studio comparativo di oli essenziali ed idrolati di specie e selezioni di Monarda spp.: un biennio di sperimentazione

Introduzione. Da diversi anni le tre specie: Monarda fistulosa, M. didyma e M. citriodora (Lamiaceae) sono coltivate nei campi sperimentali dell’Area del Plesso Serricolo Scarabelli di Imola (Università di Bologna) al fine di verificare le potenzialità degli oli essenziali (OE) ed idrolati (ID) da esse ottenuti in diversi settori applicativi (Microbiologia, Fitopatologia, Entomologia, Nematologia, Medicina umana e Conservazione dei Beni Culturali). Si tratta, infatti, di sperimentazioni che, in linea con la sempre più crescente esigenza di limitare l’utilizzo di prodotti fitosanitari di sintesi ed antibiotici, hanno lo scopo di favorire lo sviluppo di metodi alternativi a basso impatto sulla salute umana e sull’ambiente. Numerosi studi hanno messo in evidenza l’“efficacia” di OE ed ID estratti dalle tre specie del genere Monarda e l’importanza del chemotipo ai fini di una specifica applicazione. Scopo. L’obiettivo principale del presente lavoro è stato la caratterizzazione chimica di OE e ID ottenuti dalle tre specie e due selezioni clonali di M. didyma (“Rossa” e “Viola”), coltivate nel medesimo ambiente, nell’arco di tempo di 2 anni, in determinate fasi fenologiche delle piante (fioritura e non fioritura). Materiali e metodi. Nel biennio 2017-2018 sono stati allestiti 5 campi sperimentali costituiti da M. citriodora (da seme), M. fistulosa (da seme), M. didyma (da seme), selezioni “Rossa” e “Viola” (da talee radicali). Gli impianti sono stati monitorati dal punto di vista agronomico-colturale e fitosanitario fino alla raccolta del materiale vegetale da sottoporre a distillazione in corrente di vapore. Tutti gli OE ed ID, ottenuti da piante non fiorite (M. didyma e M. fistulosa da seme, 2017) e fiorite (M. citriodora, M. didyma e M. fistulosa da seme 2018, M. didyma “Rossa” e “Viola” da talee) sono stati sottoposti ad analisi GC-MS per la determinazione del profilo della frazione volatile. Risultati. La resa maggiore in OE è stata ottenuta da M. fistulosa in entrambi gli anni; inoltre, distillando le infiorescenze (2018) piuttosto che solo fusti e foglie (2017), la resa è aumentata, fino a raddoppiare, sia per M. didyma, sia per M. fistulosa. La composizione chimica di OE e ID varia con la fase fenologica: ad es., i contenuti relativi di timolo e carvacrolo aumentano durante la fase vegetativa. In fioritura, timol metil etere era presente solo nell’OE di M. didima mentre p-cimene-2-ol-metil etere solo in quelli di M. didyma e M. fistulosa e non di M. citriodora. Differenze nei profili della frazione volatile sono state osservate anche fra le due selezioni: la “Rossa” era più ricca in linalolo; inoltre, il miscuglio fiorito di M. didyma (da seme) mostrava un contenuto maggiore di carvacrolo e timolo rispetto alle selezioni da talee. Conclusioni. Lo studio conferma che le tre specie del genere Monarda hanno buone potenzialità di utilizzo come piante aromatiche per l’ottenimento di OE ed ID particolarmente ricchi di composti bioattivi. Le differenze esistenti nei profili terpenici di specie e selezioni diverse suggeriscono un loro impiego diversificato in funzione delle esigenze specifiche di ciascun settore applicativo. Pertanto, per pianificare un loro utilizzo mirato, sono indispensabili studi volti ad accertare l’attività biologica dei diversi chemotipi

A random forest approach to estimate daily particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone at fine spatial resolution in Sweden

Air pollution is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. An accurate assessment of its spatial and temporal distribution is mandatory to conduct epidemiological studies able to estimate long-term (e.g., annual) and short-term (e.g., daily) health effects. While spatiotemporal models for particulate matter (PM) have been developed in several countries, estimates of daily nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) concentrations at high spatial resolution are lacking, and no such models have been developed in Sweden. We collected data on daily air pollutant concentrations from routine monitoring networks over the period 2005-2016 and matched them with satellite data, dispersion models, meteorological parameters, and land-use variables. We developed a machine-learning approach, the random forest (RF), to estimate daily concentrations of PM 10 (PM<10 microns), PM 2.5 (PM<2.5 microns), PM 2.5-10 (PM between 2.5 and 10 microns), NO 2 , and O 3 for each squared kilometer of Sweden over the period 2005-2016. Our models were able to describe between 64% (PM 10 ) and 78% (O 3 ) of air pollutant variability in held-out observations, and between 37% (NO 2 ) and 61% (O 3 ) in held-out monitors, with no major differences across years and seasons and better performance in larger cities such as Stockholm. These estimates will allow to investigate air pollution effects across the whole of Sweden, including suburban and rural areas, previously neglected by epidemiological investigation

The impact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed at developing a standardized heat wave definition to estimate and compare the impact on mortality by gender, age and death causes in Europe during summers 1990-2004 and 2003, separately, accounting for heat wave duration and intensity. METHODS: Heat waves were defined considering both maximum apparent temperature and minimum temperature and classified by intensity, duration and timing during summer. The effect was estimated as percent increase in daily mortality during heat wave days compared to non heat wave days in people over 65 years. City specific and pooled estimates by gender, age and cause of death were calculated. RESULTS: The effect of heat waves showed great geographical heterogeneity among cities. Considering all years, except 2003, the increase in mortality during heat wave days ranged from + 7.6% in Munich to + 33.6% in Milan. The increase was up to 3-times greater during episodes of long duration and high intensity. Pooled results showed a greater impact in Mediterranean (+ 21.8% for total mortality) than in North Continental (+ 12.4%) cities. The highest effect was observed for respiratory diseases and among women aged 75-84 years. In 2003 the highest impact was observed in cities where heat wave episode was characterized by unusual meteorological conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Climate change scenarios indicate that extreme events are expected to increase in the future even in regions where heat waves are not frequent. Considering our results prevention programs should specifically target the elderly, women and those suffering from chronic respiratory disorders, thus reducing the impact on mortality