720 research outputs found
Analytical solution of four-mode coupling in shear strain loaded fiber Bragg grating sensors
The polarization-dependant reflection spectra of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in polarization-maintaining fibers are influenced by shear strain. This influence can be evaluated from a tensorial coupled-mode theory approach. Yet, this approach requires the numerical integration of the four coupled-mode equations. We present an easy to handle, completely analytical treatment of the polarization-dependent reflection spectra of FBGs. We derive the required equations and compare the results to the numerical integration of the four tensorial coupled mode equations
Measurement errors from internal shear strain within fiber-Bragg-grating sensors
Fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) sensors have become commercially available sensors for the measurement of temperature, strain and many other quantities. The sensor information is encoded in the spectral reflection characteristic of these devices. Their usage as strain sensors is one of the most prominent fields of application. Strains from a structure which is to be monitored are transferred into the fiber-Bragg-grating, by surface bonding or embedding. In general an arbitrary state of strain may thus occur within the FBG, represented by a full strain tensor with normal strain components, as well as with shear strain components. The influence of normal strains is well understood and has been treated theoretically by many authors. The influence of shear strains is however not well understood. As we were recently able to theoretically demonstrate by a full tensor coupled mode analysis, shear strains do influence the spectral
Shear strain influence on fiber Bragg grating measurement systems
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have become commercially available sensors for the measurement of temperature, strain, and many other quantities. One interesting application is the embedding of these sensors, during which shear strains can arise inside the sensor. As we have recently demonstrated by a full-tensor coupled-mode analysis, shear strains do influence the spectral response of fiber Bragg sensors, and thus have to be considered. In this paper, we use the theory behind this analysis to compute the direct influence of shear strains on the output of a FBG measurement system, and show cases where shear strain effects are relevant. Furthermore, we compare the sensitivity of different interrogation algorithms toward shear strain influences on the measurement system output. To model the experimentally relevant unpolarized light
Influence of magnetic field inhomogeneity on a magneto-optical current sensor
The growth in the capacity of electric power system creates a demand for the protection of relaying systems. Optical current transducers—OCT that are mainly made up of single mode optical fibers which are subjected to Faraday rotation are used as a replacement for electromagnetic transducers due to their immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, the principal parameter in this system, the sensitivity to magnetic fields or current, depends on the Verdet constant, which is low in the case of optical fibers. However, the optical path length can be increased to compensate for it by winding the fiber around a current carrying element a large number of turns. In this work, we study a current sensor, which is made up of a conductor coil with a fiber inside, thus increasing sensitivity. We study the effect of the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field induced by the current on the sensitivity of the optical fiber sensor
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Twice-Daily Intravenous Busulfan in a Large Cohort of Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation—A 10-Year Single-Center Experience
Reaching target exposure of busulfan-based conditioning prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is vital for favorable therapy outcomes. Yet, a wide inter-patient and inter-occasion variability in busulfan exposure has been reported, especially in children. We aimed to identify factors associated with the variability of busulfan pharmacokinetics in 124 consecutive patients transplanted at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich between October 2010 and February 2020. Clinical data and busulfan plasma levels after twice-daily intravenous administration were analyzed retrospectively by population pharmacokinetic modeling. The volume of distribution correlated with total body water. The elimination rate constant followed an age-dependent maturation function, as previously suggested, and correlated with the levels of serum albumin. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia reduced busulfan clearance by 20%. Clearance significantly decreased by 17% on average from the start to the third day of busulfan administration, in agreement with other studies. An average reduction of 31% was found in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in addition to known factors, underlying disease and serum albumin significantly impact busulfan pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients; yet, substantial unexplained variability in some patients remained. Thus, we consider repeated pharmacokinetic assessment essential to achieve the desired target exposure in twice-daily busulfan administration
Shot noise from action correlations
We consider universal shot noise in ballistic chaotic cavities from a
semiclassical point of view and show that it is due to action correlations
within certain groups of classical trajectories. Using quantum graphs as a
model system we sum these trajectories analytically and find agreement with
random-matrix theory. Unlike all action correlations which have been considered
before, the correlations relevant for shot noise involve four trajectories and
do not depend on the presence of any symmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures (a mistake in version 1 has been corrected
Comparison of a continuous glucose monitoring system with a portable blood glucose meter to determine insulin dose in cats with diabetes mellitus.
Background:The continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) Guardian REAL‐Time® allows the generation of very detailed glucose profiles in cats. The performance of CGMS to generate short‐term glucose profiles to evaluate treatment response has not been yet evaluated in diabetic cats.Hypothesis:Analysis of glucose profiles generated using the CGMS produces insulin dose recommendations that differ from those of profiles generated using the portable blood glucose meter (PBGM) in diabetic cats.Animals:Thirteen client‐owned diabetic cats.Methods:Prospective, observational study. Simultaneous glucose profiles were generated over an 8‐10 hour period using the CGMS, blood glucose concentration was measured every 2 hours with the PBGM. Profiles were submitted to three internal medicine specialists who used them to determine the insulin dose. Differences between insulin doses deduced from paired profiles were compared. Percentages of nadirs recorded with the CGMS that were lower, higher, or equal to those derived with the PBGM were calculated.Results:Twenty‐one paired glucose profiles were obtained. There was no difference of insulin doses based on CGMS and PBGM profiles (median 0 U; range: −1 to +0.5). Treatment decisions did not differ among investigators. Compared with the observed PBGM nadir, the CGMS nadir was lower, higher, or equal in 17, 2, and 2 of 21 cases, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Adjustments in insulin dose based on glucose profiles generated with the CGMS are similar to those based on the PBGM. The common occurrence of lower nadirs recorded with the CGMS suggests that this device detects hypoglycemic periods that are not identified with the PBGM
Improved thermoelectric properties of nanostructured composites out of Bi1−xSbx nanoparticles and carbon phases
Thermoelectric figures of merit of ZT ≈ 0.4 at room temperature were achieved in nanostructured composite materials prepared by uniaxial pressing of Bi1−xSbx nanoparticles and 0.3 wt.% of a carbon phase. This constitutes a significant improvement of the low-temperature thermoelectric material Bi1−xSbx and strongly suggests the possibility of employing these materials in efficient thermoelectric devices working at room temperature. Interestingly, the beneficial effect of the carbon phase added to nanostructured Bi1−xSbx is the same for either carbon nanotubes or active carbon. This finding is attributed, on the one hand, to a combination of electronic band gap engineering due to nanostructuring and energy filtering due to graphene-like interlayers between Bi1−xSbx grains and, on the other hand, to modified phonon scattering at the grain boundaries and additional phonon scattering by agglomeration sites of carbon material on the μm scale
Improved thermoelectric properties of nanostructured composites out of Bi1−xSbx nanoparticles and carbon phases
Thermoelectric figures of merit of ZT ≈ 0.4 at room temperature were achieved in nanostructured composite materials prepared by uniaxial pressing of Bi1−xSbx nanoparticles and 0.3 wt.% of a carbon phase. This constitutes a significant improvement of the low-temperature thermoelectric material Bi1−xSbx and strongly suggests the possibility of employing these materials in efficient thermoelectric devices working at room temperature. Interestingly, the beneficial effect of the carbon phase added to nanostructured Bi1−xSbx is the same for either carbon nanotubes or active carbon. This finding is attributed, on the one hand, to a combination of electronic band gap engineering due to nanostructuring and energy filtering due to graphene-like interlayers between Bi1−xSbx grains and, on the other hand, to modified phonon scattering at the grain boundaries and additional phonon scattering by agglomeration sites of carbon material on the μm scale
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