Characterisation of semaphorin 3A-chondroitin sulphate interaction in the central nervous system

Les réseaux périneuronaux (PNN) sont des régulateurs clé de la plasticité et de la régénération des neurones au niveau du système nerveux central chez l’adulte. Le PNN est une matrice extracellulaire hautement organisée, qui entoure des populations spécifiques de neurones, enrichie en protéoglycanes à chondroïtine sulfate (CSPG). La chondroïtine sulfate (CS) est un polysaccharide linéaire, appartenant à la famille des glycosaminoglycanes (GAG), qui peut être sulfaté à différentes positions et donner lieu à plusieurs isoformes. Ces isoformes interagissent de manière spécifique avec de nombreuses molécules de signalisation dont la semaphorine 3A (Sema3A). Sema3A est une protéine secrétée, qui interagit avec les CS et s’accumule ainsi dans les PNN. Elle est impliquée dans la guidance des neurones sur lesquels elle agit par chemorepulsion. Les aspects structuraux et fonctionnels de l’ interaction entre Sema3A et CS sont encore mal connus, mais celle-ci pourrait être requise pour renforcer la liaison de la Sema3A avec ses récepteurs et déclencher une voie de signalisation qui aboutit à l’inhibition de la plasticité synaptique. Le but du projet est donc de caractériser biochimiquement l’interface d’interaction Sema3A-CS. Il a pour perspective d’élaborer des molécules interférant avec cette interaction qui pourraient permettre une amélioration de la plasticité neuronale après une maladie neurodégénérative ou une lésion de la moelle épinière.Pour ce faire, la Sema3A est exprimée dans un système hétérologue de cellules eucaryotes pour être purifiée. Deux formes ont été purifiées: une forme complète de 90 kDa qui reste accrochée à la surface cellulaire et une forme clivée de 65 kDa secrétée dans le milieu de culture. La Sema3A-90 interagit d’une manière sélective et avec une très haute affinité avec la CS-E (chondroitine disulfatée en position 4 et 6) et l’héparane sulfate,alors que, la forme clivée n’interagit avec aucun GAG, comme observé par résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR). Quatre sites, situés dans le domaine C-terminal de la protéine, susceptibles d’interagir avec les GAG ont été identifiés et analysés par mutagenèse. Deux d’entre eux sont impliqués dans la reconnaissance des GAG et sont nécessaires à la Sema3A pour inhiber la croissance de neurites sur des cultures de neurones issus de ganglion de la racine dorsale de rats. En parallèle, nos travaux montrent qu’un tetrasaccharide de CS-E est la taille minimale requise pour l’interaction avec la Sema 3A. Enfin, des analyses réalisées en utilisant une microbalance à cristal de quartz avec dissipation ont montré que la Sema3A pourrait réticuler les chaines de GAGs, participant ainsi à la stabilisation du réseau périneuronal.Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are the key regulators of neuronal plasticity and regeneration in the mature central nervous system (CNS). They are a unique and highly organised extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, found around sub-population of neurons, composed mainly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear polysaccharide belonging to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) family. The sulphation pattern defines different types of CS, which interact with different signalling proteins including those regulating axonal outgrowth and guidance such as semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). Sema3A is a secreted chemorepulsive protein found accumulated in the PNNs through its interaction with CS. This process is believed to potentiate Sema3A signalling through plexin A1 (PlxnA1) and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and regulate plasticity and regeneration. The aim of the thesis project is to characterise the interface of Sema3A- CS interaction.For this purpose, Sema3A is expressed in eukaryote cells and purified. Interestingly, two major forms were obtained: a full length Sema3A (90 kDa) which remains attached to the cell surface GAGs and a truncated form without the C-ter part (65 kDa) which is released to the culture medium. With the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we observed that full length Sema3A binds selectively to CS-E (4,6-disulfated chondroitin) and heparan sulfate with a high affinity (KD in the sub pM range), while the truncated Sema3A does not bind to any GAG. Four putative GAG binding sequences were identified in the C-ter of Sema3A and mutated using site directed mutagenesis. SPR analysis then revealed that two out of these four sites are required for the binding to CS-E. The importance of these GAG-binding sequences in inhibition of neurites outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture was also reported, indicating thus the importance of GAG-binding in Sema3A signalling. In parallel, the minimal required sequence of Sema3A-binding of CS-E was determined as being a tetrasaccharide. The Sema3A-CS interface was thus characterized. Furthermore, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring analysis suggested that Sema3A could crosslink GAG chains. This suggests Sema3A could be involved in stabilising the PNN network and induces mechanical changes on neuronal surface.The detail characterization of Sema3A-CS interaction may enable the design of new strategies aiming at enhancing plasticity and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases or spinal cord injury

Caractérisation de l'interaction semaphorine 3A-chondroïtine sulfate dans le système nerveux central

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are the key regulators of neuronal plasticity and regeneration in the mature central nervous system (CNS). They are a unique and highly organised extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, found around sub-population of neurons, composed mainly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear polysaccharide belonging to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) family. The sulphation pattern defines different types of CS, which interact with different signalling proteins including those regulating axonal outgrowth and guidance such as semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). Sema3A is a secreted chemorepulsive protein found accumulated in the PNNs through its interaction with CS. This process is believed to potentiate Sema3A signalling through plexin A1 (PlxnA1) and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and regulate plasticity and regeneration. The aim of the thesis project is to characterise the interface of Sema3A- CS interaction.For this purpose, Sema3A is expressed in eukaryote cells and purified. Interestingly, two major forms were obtained: a full length Sema3A (90 kDa) which remains attached to the cell surface GAGs and a truncated form without the C-ter part (65 kDa) which is released to the culture medium. With the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we observed that full length Sema3A binds selectively to CS-E (4,6-disulfated chondroitin) and heparan sulfate with a high affinity (KD in the sub pM range), while the truncated Sema3A does not bind to any GAG. Four putative GAG binding sequences were identified in the C-ter of Sema3A and mutated using site directed mutagenesis. SPR analysis then revealed that two out of these four sites are required for the binding to CS-E. The importance of these GAG-binding sequences in inhibition of neurites outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture was also reported, indicating thus the importance of GAG-binding in Sema3A signalling. In parallel, the minimal required sequence of Sema3A-binding of CS-E was determined as being a tetrasaccharide. The Sema3A-CS interface was thus characterized. Furthermore, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring analysis suggested that Sema3A could crosslink GAG chains. This suggests Sema3A could be involved in stabilising the PNN network and induces mechanical changes on neuronal surface.The detail characterization of Sema3A-CS interaction may enable the design of new strategies aiming at enhancing plasticity and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases or spinal cord injury.Les réseaux périneuronaux (PNN) sont des régulateurs clé de la plasticité et de la régénération des neurones au niveau du système nerveux central chez l’adulte. Le PNN est une matrice extracellulaire hautement organisée, qui entoure des populations spécifiques de neurones, enrichie en protéoglycanes à chondroïtine sulfate (CSPG). La chondroïtine sulfate (CS) est un polysaccharide linéaire, appartenant à la famille des glycosaminoglycanes (GAG), qui peut être sulfaté à différentes positions et donner lieu à plusieurs isoformes. Ces isoformes interagissent de manière spécifique avec de nombreuses molécules de signalisation dont la semaphorine 3A (Sema3A). Sema3A est une protéine secrétée, qui interagit avec les CS et s’accumule ainsi dans les PNN. Elle est impliquée dans la guidance des neurones sur lesquels elle agit par chemorepulsion. Les aspects structuraux et fonctionnels de l’ interaction entre Sema3A et CS sont encore mal connus, mais celle-ci pourrait être requise pour renforcer la liaison de la Sema3A avec ses récepteurs et déclencher une voie de signalisation qui aboutit à l’inhibition de la plasticité synaptique. Le but du projet est donc de caractériser biochimiquement l’interface d’interaction Sema3A-CS. Il a pour perspective d’élaborer des molécules interférant avec cette interaction qui pourraient permettre une amélioration de la plasticité neuronale après une maladie neurodégénérative ou une lésion de la moelle épinière.Pour ce faire, la Sema3A est exprimée dans un système hétérologue de cellules eucaryotes pour être purifiée. Deux formes ont été purifiées: une forme complète de 90 kDa qui reste accrochée à la surface cellulaire et une forme clivée de 65 kDa secrétée dans le milieu de culture. La Sema3A-90 interagit d’une manière sélective et avec une très haute affinité avec la CS-E (chondroitine disulfatée en position 4 et 6) et l’héparane sulfate,alors que, la forme clivée n’interagit avec aucun GAG, comme observé par résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR). Quatre sites, situés dans le domaine C-terminal de la protéine, susceptibles d’interagir avec les GAG ont été identifiés et analysés par mutagenèse. Deux d’entre eux sont impliqués dans la reconnaissance des GAG et sont nécessaires à la Sema3A pour inhiber la croissance de neurites sur des cultures de neurones issus de ganglion de la racine dorsale de rats. En parallèle, nos travaux montrent qu’un tetrasaccharide de CS-E est la taille minimale requise pour l’interaction avec la Sema 3A. Enfin, des analyses réalisées en utilisant une microbalance à cristal de quartz avec dissipation ont montré que la Sema3A pourrait réticuler les chaines de GAGs, participant ainsi à la stabilisation du réseau périneuronal

Characterization, Modeling and Mapping of the landslide affecting the centre-town of Azazga (Algeria)

The morphology of the North Algerian basins characterized by precarious stability constitutes an important issue for the development and the economy of many cities in the region. The landslide affecting the city of Azazga represents one of the most active and dramatic land movements experienced by the region in recent years. The city affected by the movement is situated at about 20 Kms in the East of the Wilaya of Tizi - Ouzou (in northern Algeria); the instability is located in a slope, composed of flysch (Azazga flysch are compounds of two terms of marly clay with small sandstone beds), with an inclination of about 13 °. Several factors have acted to activate this instability. Furthermore, water factor and geological conditions of this region are the main parameters of the susceptibility of the site to landslides. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective alternative for the analysis of large-scale instabilities (such as Azazga landslides). GIS made for the site of Azazga allowed better management and interpretation of spatial data as well as good understanding of deformation mechanisms and the extent of this landslide. Geological profile has been defined for this slope using the results of spatial data analysis. Numerical modeling of this slope was then carried out, using the finite element software PLAXIS2D, with taking in consideration the effect of the water level. Those studies show the important influence of the position of water table on the activity of the landslide and the safety factor

AMPK-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Phrenic Motoneurons following Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

High spinal cord injuries (SCI) induce the deafferentation of phrenic motoneurons, leading to permanent diaphragm paralysis. This involves secondary injury associated with pathologic and inflammatory processes at the site of injury, and at the level of phrenic motoneurons. In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant response in phrenic motoneurons involving the AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway following C2 spinal cord lateral hemi-section in rats. We showed that there is an abrupt reduction in the expression of phosphorylated AMPK and Nrf2 at one hour post-injury in phrenic motoneurons. A rebound is then observed at one day post-injury, reflecting a return to homeostasis condition. In the total spinal cord around phrenic motoneurons, the increase in phosphorylated AMPK and Nrf2 occurred at three days post-injury, showing the differential antioxidant response between phrenic motoneurons and other cell types. Taken together, our results display the implication of the AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway in phrenic motoneurons’ response to oxidative stress following high SCI. Harnessing this AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway could improve the antioxidant response and help in spinal rewiring to these deafferented phrenic motoneurons to improve diaphragm activity in patients suffering high SCI

Use of GIS systems to analyze soil compressibility, swelling and bearing capacity under superficial foundations in Algiers region, Algeria

Nowadays, information about geotechnical parameters and future stability of soil is highly demanded by geotechnical laboratories and companies. The use of geotechnical information systems integrated in a GIS offers a better manipulation of the geotechnical parameters of different sites for a general exploitation of storage, manipulation, management and analysis of geotechnical data. The aim of the current research is to present the results of studies developed to set up a geotechnical database for Algiers region using «Géo-Base» information system developed within the framework of this research and integrated in a GIS through a descriptive statistical analysis of mechanical and geophysical identification parameters of velocity measurements collected from 1200 survey profiles located on 80% of the surface of the region. The visualization of geotechnical maps of bearing, consolidation, settlement, swelling of soils at any depth of Algiers region are obtained by manipulating the system technology produced as part of this research. These results are very helpful to builders, planners, researchers and engineers in their future work; they will help them making better decisions and producing safer and more economical designs. Furthermore, this research allows establishing the first geotechnical map of Algiers region

Semaphorin 3A binding to chondroitin sulfate E enhances the biological activity of the protein, and cross-links and rigidifies glycosaminoglycan matrices

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a secreted protein that signals to cells through binding to neuropilin and plexin receptors and provides neurons with guidance cues key for axon pathfinding, and also controls cell migration in several other biological systems. Sema3A interacts with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), an interaction that could localize the protein within tissues and involves the C-terminal domain of the protein. This domain comprises several furin cleavage sites that are processed during secretion and in previous works have hampered recombinant production of full-length wild type Sema3A, and the biochemical analysis of Sema3A interaction with GAGs. In this work, we have developed a strategy to purify the full-length protein in high yield and identified two sequences in the C-terminal domain, KRDRKQRRQR and KKGRNRR, which confer to the protein sub nM affinity for chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate polysaccharides. Using chemically defined oligosaccharides and solid phase binding assays, we report that Sema3A recognizes a (GlcA-GalNAc4S6S) 2 motif but not a (GlcA2S-GalNAc6S) 2 motif and is thus highly specific for type E chondroitin sulfate. Functionally, we found that Sema3A rigidified CS-E films that mimic the GAG presentation within extracellular matrices (ECMs), suggesting that Sema3A may have a previously unidentified function to cross-link and thus stabilize GAG-rich ECMs. Finally, we demonstrated that the full-length Sema3A is more potent at inhibiting neurite outgrowth than the truncated or mutant forms that were previously purified and that the GAG binding sites are required to achieve full activity. The results suggest that Sema3A can rigidify and cross-link GAG matrices, implicating Sema3A could function as an extracellular matrix organizer in addition to binding to and signaling through its cognate cell surface receptors

A quartz crystal microbalance method to quantify the size of hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans on surfaces

International audienceHyaluronan (HA) is a major component of peri-and extra-cellular matrices and plays important roles in many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. The abundance, size distribution and presentation of HA dictate its biological effects and are also useful indicators of pathologies and disease progression. Methods to assess the molecular mass of free-floating HA and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are well established. In many biological and technological settings, however, GAGs are displayed on surfaces, and methods to obtain the size of surface-attached GAGs are lacking. Here, we present a method to size HA that is end-attached to surfaces. The method is based on the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and exploits that the softness and thickness of films of grafted HA increase with HA size. These two quantities are sensitively reflected by the ratio of the dissipation shift (ΔD) and the negative frequency shift (− Δf) measured by QCM-D upon the formation of HA films. Using a series of size-defined HA preparations, ranging in size from ~ 2 kDa tetrasaccharides to ~ 1 MDa polysaccharides, we establish a monotonic yet non-linear standard curve of the ΔD/ − Δf ratio as a function of HA size, which reflects the distinct conformations adopted by grafted HA chains depending on their size and surface coverage. We demonstrate that the standard curve can be used to determine the mean size of HA, as well as other GAGs, such as chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, of preparations of previously unknown size in the range from 1 to 500 kDa, with a resolution of better than 10%. For polydisperse samples, our analysis shows that the process of surface-grafting preferentially selects smaller GAG chains, and thus reduces the average size of GAGs that are immobilised on surfaces comparative to the original solution sample. Our results establish a quantitative method to size HA and other GAGs grafted on surfaces, and also highlight the importance of sizing GAGs directly on surfaces. The method should be useful for the development and quality control of GAG-based surface coatings in a wide range of research areas, from molecular interaction analysis to biomaterials coating