1,666 research outputs found
An Adaptive Logic for the Formal Explication of Scalar Implicatures
Hearers get at the intended meaning of uncooperative utterances (i.e. utterances that conflict with the prescriptions laid down by the Gricean maxims) by pragmatically deriving sentences that reconcile these utterances with the maxims. Such pragmatic derivations are made according to pragmatic rules called implicatures. As they are pragmatic in nature, the conclusions drawn by applying implicatures remain uncertain. In other words, they may have to be withdrawn in view of further information. Because of this last feature, Levinson argued that implicatures should be formally modeled as nonâmonotonic or default rules of inference. In this paper, I will do exactly this: by relying on the Adaptive Logics Programme, I will provide a formal explication of implicatures as default inference rules. More specifically, I will do so for a particular kind of implicatures, viz scalar implicatures
The Quest for Fundamental Rights Protection in the 'War on Terror'; from the Yusuf case to the Lisbon Treaty
As the observer of international peace and security, the UNSC has the power to decide upon what constitutes of a threat to world peace. By adopting Resolutions, the UNSC creates binding decisions that must be pursued by all members of the UN. Article 103 UN states that the UN Charter prevail over any other treaty obligation, why the EU must follow the decisions of the UNSC due to the obligations of its Member States. Consequently, the EU must implement the UN Resolutions in EC Regulations which become legally binding upon its Member States. Moreover, the EU has the power to decide upon sanctions of its own through its Common Foreign and Security Policy. The primacy of the UN Charter can create complex situations for countries like Sweden, who is a member of the UN but also a Member State of the EU. Not only are the Member States legally bound by the EC Regulations, but they must also observe the decisions of the UNSC. This thesis has its starting-point in the judgment by the CFI in the Yusuf case where a Swedish citizen, Mr. Yusuf, and an entity based in Sweden, the Al Barakaat Foundation, have their financial assets frozen due to an EC Regulation implementing a UNSC Resolution. The practice of blacklisting individuals through targeted sanctions is a result of the fight against terrorism carried out by the UN. The practice of targeting individuals on blacklists has been an issue of much controversy since the individuals have no right to be heard or to examine the evidence against him. These fundamental rights that are protected both in the Swedish constitution as well as by the EU are constantly being neglected by the international community in the fight against terrorism. The case of the Swedish citizen Mr. Yusuf was no exception. The CFI judged that in fact the right to a fair hearing and judicial review is a fundamental right protected in the EU, but that it was unable to review the EC Regulation since it had merely implemented the UN Resolution. The supremacy of the UN Charter and the fear of underminig the role of the UNSC were key factors in the judgment. However, the CFI was capable of reviewing the Regulation from a perspective of compliance to peremptory norms of jus cogens. After having conducted a proportionality test, the CFI states that neither did the Regulation and the freezing of the funds breach the applicants' right to a fair hearing, nor the right to judicial review. The EU will accede to the ECHR when the Lisbon Treaty will come into force and hopfully the fundamental rights will have a more secure status in the Community legal system. The international situation also calls upon the members of the UN to demand the adherence to fundamental rights, or else the fight against terrorism will lose all credibility and the 'war on terror' will never be won
Phenotyping C.elegans and Neuronal Cells in Microengineered Devices
Phenotype denotes the observable traits or behaviors of any living subject such as cells, animals, and humans. In the post-genomics era, the next major challenge in the biological community is establishing the link between genotype and observed phenotype. Even though phenotypic characterization of higher mammals is complicated, it is possible to quantify the phenotype of live cells and model organisms with relative accuracy. In this respect, engineering platforms are being created with controlled microenvironments and ease of manipulation to quantify visible behavioral differences. Such platforms are especially developed to enable increased experimental throughput, data reproducibility, device robustness, and system versatility. With these broad goals, this thesis focuses on two technology platforms families that we built in our research group. The first platform family is microfluidic systems with real-time imaging to characterize the behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans microorganisms under chemical, electrical or mechanical stimulation. The second platform family is microelectronic/microfluidic assays to quantify the degree of cell migration among different cell populations. For each of the two platforms families, the process of device development, system assembly, software interface, and experimental results are presented. The results demonstrate the advantage of using microscale technologies, particularly high spatial and temporal resolution, for studying phenotype and lead our discussion to future technological considerations for successful adoption in biological laboratories. Lastly, this thesis also emphasizes the need for sustained collaborations between engineers and biologists for proper problem identification and proposed solutions
Composite materials in compression
A geometric and material non-linear finite element code is built using Matlab. The theoretical derivations for building the code is outlined and explained by pseudo code. Three different solvers are introduced; the Newton Raphson method, the modified Newton Raphson method, and the arc length method. The code is tested for material non-linearity an geometric non-linearity separately using standard reference solutions. The future work is outlined as a continuity of this report
Quality aspects of the Norwegian cause of death statistics
Datakvaliteten i den norske dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikken
Opplysninger om dÞdelighet og dÞdsÄrsaker i en befolkning regnes som grunnleggende folkehelsedata. De brukes for Ä overvÄke dÞdsÄrsaker og se pÄ endringer over tid, gir grunnlag for nasjonal og internasjonal statistikk, brukes i forskning og for planlegging og kvalitetsarbeid i helse- og omsorgstjenestene. Det er den underliggende dÞdsÄrsaken (den tilstanden som startet rekken av hendelser som fÞrte til dÞden) som gir mest informasjon for folkehelseformÄl. Kvaliteten av den statistikken som produseres og de analysene som blir gjort er ikke bedre enn kvaliteten av dataene som brukes. I denne avhandlingen presenteres studier av noen kvalitetsaspekter i den norske dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikken. Datamaterialet til studiene kommer i all hovedsak fra det norske dÞdsÄrsaksregisteret.
Ved alle dÞdsfall i Norge blir dÞdsÄrsaken registrert ut fra opplysninger pÄ legeerklÊring om dÞdsfall (dÞdsmelding/dÞdsattest). Der det er gjort en obduksjon brukes obduksjonsresultatene for Ä supplere opplysningene pÄ dÞdsmeldingen. Diagnosene registreres i henhold til det internasjonale kodeverket ICD-10, men ikke alle diagnosene der har like god informasjonsverdi om den underliggende dÞdsÄrsaken. Det kan for eksempel vÊre diagnoser som bare sier noe om omstendighetene rundt dÞdsfallet («plutselig dÞd») eller angir en komplikasjon som kan skyldes mange ulike tilstander («multiorgansvikt»). Slike diagnoser har blitt kalt «skrotkoder» (pÄ engelsk «garbage codes»). Dersom en stor del av dÞdsfallene har slike diagnoser vil den samlede informasjonsverdien av dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikken bli dÄrlig. Det er nyttig dersom det er mulig Ä finne ut hvilke dÞdsÄrsaker som er skjult bak skrotkodene. Den internasjonale Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) har utviklet avanserte statistiske metoder for Ä komme nÊrmere en mer fullstendig dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikk. Denne prosessen kallen redistribusjon.
I den fÞrste delstudien undersÞkte vi forekomsten av skrotkoder i det norske DÞdsÄrsaksregisteret i perioden 1996-2019. Vi fant at 29 % av alle dÞdsfall hadde fÄtt en skrotkode, 14 % hadde fÄtt en kode i gruppen med minst informasjonsverdi (alvorlige skrotkoder). I lÞpet av studieperioden var det ikke tegn til at det ble mindre bruk av de alvorligste skrotkodene, men det var en nedgang i bruken av de minst alvorlige kodene. Det var hÞyere bruk av skrotkoder i de eldste aldersgruppene og ved dÞdsfall utenfor helseinstitusjon, og lavere der det hadde blitt gjort en obduksjon. Forekomsten er i samme stÞrrelsesorden som i for eksempel Danmark og Sverige, men lavere enn i Finland og Storbritannia. Den hÞye forekomsten av skrotkoder er den alvorligste kritikken av datakvaliteten i DÞdsÄrsaksregisteret i Norge.
I den andre delstudien sÄ vi nÊrmere pÄ bruken av en enkelt skrotkode i Norge. Koden X59 brukes for dÞdsfall pÄ grunn av en ytre Ärsak (skader, forgiftninger) der det ikke er opplysninger om hva som var Ärsaken til skaden (for eksempel om det var en trafikkulykke eller et fall). I perioden 2005-2014 manglet disse opplysningene i 26 % av alle dÞdsfall med en ytre Ärsak. De fleste av disse var hos eldre personer med brudd i hofteregionen. PÄ bakgrunn av de dÞdsfallene der man hadde fÄtt gode opplysninger utviklet vi en statistisk metode som kunne brukes pÄ dÞdsfallene som manglet opplysninger. Resultatene tyder pÄ at mer enn 95 % av X59-dÞdsfallene egentlig var fallulykker, og dette ble stÞttet av en spÞrreundersÞkelse i 2015 til legene som hadde fylt ut slike dÞdsmeldinger. Resultatene vÄre tyder pÄ at den reelle dÞdeligheten av fallulykker i Norge er mer enn dobbelt sÄ hÞy som det som fremkommer i den offisielle statistikken.
En rettsmedisinsk obduksjon er en del av politiets etterforskning ved mulig unaturlige dÞdsfall, men obduksjonsresultatene er ogsÄ viktige bidrag til dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikken. Dette gjelder sÊrlig dÞdsfall pÄ grunn av ytre Ärsak og plutselige og uventede dÞdsfall som skjer utenfor helseinstitusjon. I den tredje delstudien undersÞkte vi bruken av rettsmedisinske obduksjoner i Norge i perioden 1996-2017. Vi fant at 4,1 % av alle dÞdsfall hadde blitt rettsmedisinsk undersÞkt, men andelen varierte fra 0,9-7,8 % i ulike politidistrikter, og ulikheten ble ikke mindre i lÞpet av studieperioden. Forskjellene kunne bare delvis forklares med geografiske faktorer, slik som ulikheter i folketall og avstanden fra dÞdssted til obduksjonssted. Trolig spiller andre faktorer inn, slik som lokale tradisjoner og retningslinjer. Vi konkluderte med at dersom det er ubegrunnede forskjeller i bruk av rettsmedisinske obduksjoner mellom politidistrikt, sÄ Þker det risikoen for at unaturlige dÞdsfall ikke blir godt nok undersÞkt, og det kan fÞre til feil i dÞdsÄrsaksstatistikken.Data quality in Norwegian cause of death statistics
Information on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population are considered fundamental public health indicators. It is used for surveillance of causes of death, production of national and international statistics, for research and quality improvement. It is the underlying cause of death (the condition that started the sequence of events leading to death) that conveys most information for public health purposes. The quality of the produced cause of death statistics and the analyses using these data is no better than the quality of the ingoing data material. This thesis presents some quality aspects of the Norwegian cause of death statistics. The Norwegian Cause of Death Registry is the main data source for the studies.
In deaths in Norway, the cause of death is registered based on information on the death certificate. The information is supplemented by the autopsy report, if an autopsy has been performed. The diagnoses are registered according to the international classification system ICD-10, but not all diagnostic codes carry adequate information. Some codes only describe the circumstances, such as âsudden deathâ or terminal complications that might be the result of a number of different condition (âmulti organ failureâ). Codes that do not convey sufficient information on the underlying cause of death are called garbage codes. If a large proportion of the deaths is assigned a garbage code, the information value of the cause of death statistics is reduced. The information value increases if it is possible to ascertain which diagnoses that are hidden behind the garbage codes. The international Global Burden of Disease Study has developed advanced statistical methods to come closer to more complete cause of death statistics, a process called redistribution.
In the first part of the study, we investigated the use of garbage codes in the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry in the years 1996-2019. We found that 29% of the deaths were assigned a garbage code, 14% in the group with lowest information value (major garbage codes). During the study period, the proportion of deaths assigned a less serious (minor) garbage code decreased, but not the proportion with the most serious garbage codes. The proportion of garbage codes was higher in the oldest age group and in deaths outside health care institutions, and lower where an autopsy had been performed. The garbage code proportions are similar in Denmark and Sweden, but lower in Finland and the United Kingdom. The prevalence of garbage codes is the most important quality issue in the Norwegian cause of death statistics.
In the second part of the study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the use of one specific garbage code. The ICD-10 code X59 is used in external cause deaths (injuries, poisonings) where the information on the circumstances is missing (e.g. whether the injury was caused by a traffic accident or a fall). In the study period 2005-2014 this information was lacking in 26% of the deaths with an external cause. Most of these occurred in elderly persons with a fracture in the hip region. Based on the deaths with adequate information, we developed a statistical method that could be applied on the deaths lacking information. The results indicate that more than 95% of the X59 deaths are accidental falls, and a query to the certifying doctors in 2015 supports this view. Our results indicate that the real mortality from accidental falls in Norway is more than twice as high as shown in the official statistics.
A forensic autopsy is part of the police investigation in possible unnatural deaths, but the autopsy results are also important supplementary information to the cause of death statistics. This is especially relevant in external cause deaths and unexpected deaths outside health care institutions. In the third part of the study, we investigated the use of forensic autopsies in Norway in the years 1996-2017. We found that a forensic autopsy had been carried out in 4.1% of all deaths, but the proportion varied between police districts, from 0.9-7.8%, and this variation persisted throughout the study period. The differences could only partly be explained by geographical factors, such as the size of the population of the municipality and the distance from the place of death to the autopsy facility. Other factors are probably important, such as local traditions and guidelines. If there are unjustified differences in the use of forensic autopsies between police districts, there is a risk that unnatural deaths will not be adequately investigated, and it might introduce spurious shifts in the cause of death statistics.Doktorgradsavhandlin
âFrĂ„gan Ă€r inte om vi ska göra det, utan hurâ
Transportplanering har traditionellt sett grundats i maskulina normer som premierat mÀns behov, medan kvinnors behov förbisetts (se Levy 2013; Dymén 2014; Joelsson & Lindkvist Scholten 2019). Trafikverket ansvarar för trafikplanering i Sverige och har dÀrmed möjlighet att pÄverka hur transportsystemet tillgodoser mÀnniskors behov. För att öka jÀmstÀlldheten i transportsektorn har Regeringen uppdragit Trafikverket att utveckla sitt arbete med jÀmstÀlldhetsintegrering.
Studiens syfte Àr att bidra med förstÄelse och kunskap som kan leda till att jÀmstÀlldhetsperspektivet fÄr ett större genomslag i transportplaneringen. Genom att undersöka ÄtgÀrdsvalsstudien som metod för problemformulering och ÄtgÀrdsgenerering har vi analyserat hur jÀmstÀlldhet behandlas i ett tidigt skede av planeringsprocessen pÄ Trafikverket. Med hjÀlp av ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat pÄ Carol Bacchis (2009) idéer om problemrepresentation och Christian Dyméns (2014) tabell om feminina och maskulina attribut har intervjuer med utredare pÄ Trafikverket analyserats diskursivt.
Studien visar att jĂ€mstĂ€lldhet inte Ă€r integrerat i Ă
VS-processen idag och att utredare pĂ„ Trafikverket har svĂ„rt att hantera jĂ€mstĂ€lldhet utifrĂ„n dagens metoder och kunskapsgrund. Det leder till att de beslut och Ă„tgĂ€rder som genereras i Ă
VSen inte inkluderar ett jĂ€mstĂ€lldhetsperspektiv. Studiens slutsatser grundas i att fler feminina attribut behöver inkluderas i Ă
VS-processen för att jĂ€mstĂ€lldhetsfrĂ„gan inte ska förminskas eller förenklas. Kunskap och förstĂ„else för jĂ€mstĂ€lldhetens roll i transportsystemet tillsammans med tydlig styrning och konkreta riktlinjer frĂ„n Trafikverkets ledning behövs dĂ€rtill för att jĂ€mstĂ€lldhet ska kunna integreras i Ă
VSen
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