Зміст та обсяг поняття «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення» у кримінальному праві України

The article states that both in the doctrine of criminal law and in law enforcement practice, there are still unresolved problems related to the content and scope of the concept of «corruption criminal offense». After the introduction of the concept of corruption crime into the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the footnote to Art. 45 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, scientific discussions have changed their emphasis on the analysis of the validity of the definition of the relevant concept in the form of an exhaustive list of crimes belonging to the elements of corruption; concentrated on the list itself, defined by the legislator, on its addition or, on the contrary, reduction. The purpose of this article was to generalize scientific positions regarding the content and scope of the concept of corruption criminal offense and to define on this basis the author’s definition of the corresponding concept.It has been established that the main vectors to which the scientific results of the studies covered in the special literature are aimed are three: 1) addition, expansion of the list defined in the footnote to Art. 45 of the list of corruption criminal offenses; 2) reduction, narrowing of such a list. The list of corruption criminal offenses, and it acts in this case as the scope of the concept of «corruption criminal offense», directly depends on the content of this concept. In this context, attempts to define the concept of corruption criminal offense using a certain set of features that characterize the two concepts that meaningfully make it up: «corruption» and «criminal offense» seem productive. Both of these concepts are normatively defined: the Law of Ukraine «On Prevention of Corruption» and Art. 11 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine contain relevant definitions.The article proposes to leave in the definition a list of «unconditionally corrupt» criminal offenses, the constitutive features of which are signs of corruption offenses: abuse of official position in the broad sense and the presence of unlawful gain as the purpose, object or means of committing the offense. Article should be excluded from the current version of such a list. 210 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. However, this will not mean that an act that falls under this criminal law prohibition cannot be corrupt. It should be considered in the context of the second group of encroachments - corruption «under condition». When formulating the definition of this group, it seems worth abandoning an exhaustive list, indicating in the normative provision the signs of the actual composition of the encroachment.У статті констатується, що і у доктрині кримінального права, і у правозастосовній практиці залишилися невирішені проблеми, пов’язані саме із змістом та обсягом поняття «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення». Після введення до КК України поняття корупційного злочину у примітці до ст. 45 КК України, наукові дискусії змінили свій акцент на аналізі обґрунтованості визначення відповідного поняття у спосіб вичерпного переліку належних до корупційних складів злочинів; концентрувалися на самому, визначеному законодавцем, переліку, на його доповненні або, навпаки, скороченні. Мета цієї статті полягала в узагальненні наукових позицій стосовно змісту та обсягу поняття корупційне кримінальне правопорушення та визначення на цій основі авторської дефініції відповідного поняття. Встановлено, що основними векторами, на які спрямовані наукові результати висвітлених у спеціальній літературі досліджень, є три: 1) доповнення, розширення переліку визначених у примітці до ст. 45 переліку корупційних кримінальних правопорушень; 2) скорочення, звуження такого переліку. Перелік корупційних кримінальних правопорушень, а він виступає у даному випадку обсягом поняття «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення», безпосередньо залежить від змісту цього поняття. У цьому контексті продуктивними видаються спроби визначити поняття корупційне кримінальне правопорушення із використанням певної сукупності ознак, які характеризують два поняття, які його змістовно складають: «корупція» та «кримінальне правопорушення». Обидва ці поняття є нормативно визначені: Закон України «Про запобігання корупції» та ст. 11 КК України містять відповідні дефініції.У статті пропонується залишити у визначенні перелік «безумовно корупційних» кримінальних правопорушень, конститутивними ознаками складів яких є ознаки корупційних посягань: зловживання службовим становищем у широкому смислі та наявність неправомірно вигоди як мети, предмету чи засобу вчинення правопорушення. Із чинної редакції такого переліку варто виключити ст. 210 КК України. Однак це не означатиме, що діяння, яке підпадає під цю кримінально-правову заборону, не може бути корупційним. Його варто розглядати у контексті другої групи посягань – корупційних «під умовою». Формулюючи визначення цієї групи, видається варто відмовитись від вичерпного переліку, навівши у нормативному положенні ознаки фактичного складу посягання

Current problems of study of disciplines of general surgery

It is knovvTi tiiat the increased role o f information and information technology has led to the fact that modem society exists at a new information stage of development

Ion binding in the Open HCN Pacemaker Channel Pore: Fast Mechanisms to Shape “Slow” Channels

IH pacemaker channels carry a mixed monovalent cation current that, under physiological ion gradients, reverses at ∼−34 mV, reflecting a 4:1 selectivity for K over Na. However, IH channels display anomalous behavior with respect to permeant ions such that (a) open channels do not exhibit the outward rectification anticipated assuming independence; (b) gating and selectivity are sensitive to the identity and concentrations of externally presented permeant ions; (c) the channels' ability to carry an inward Na current requires the presence of external K even though K is a minor charge carrier at negative voltages. Here we show that open HCN channels (the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide sensitive pore forming subunits of IH) undergo a fast, voltage-dependent block by intracellular Mg in a manner that suggests the ion binds close to, or within, the selectivity filter. Eliminating internal divalent ion block reveals that (a) the K dependence of conduction is mediated via K occupancy of site(s) within the pore and that asymmetrical occupancy and/or coupling of these sites to flux further shapes ion flow, and (b) the kinetics of equilibration between K-vacant and K-occupied states of the pore (10–20 μs or faster) is close to the ion transit time when the pore is occupied by K alone (∼0.5–3 μs), a finding that indicates that either ion:ion repulsion involving Na is adequate to support flux (albeit at a rate below our detection threshold) and/or the pore undergoes rapid, permeant ion-sensitive equilibration between nonconducting and conducting configurations. Biophysically, further exploration of the Mg site and of interactions of Na and K within the pore will tell us much about the architecture and operation of this unusual pore. Physiologically, these results suggest ways in which “slow” pacemaker channels may contribute dynamically to the shaping of fast processes such as Na-K or Ca action potentials

Animal-side serologic assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in multiple species of free-ranging wildlife

Numerous species of mammals are susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). Several wildlife hosts have emerged as reservoirs of M. bovis infection for domestic livestock in different countries. In the present study, blood samples were collected from Eurasian badgers (n=1532), white-tailed deer (n=463), brushtail possums (n=129), and wild boar (n=177) for evaluation of antibody responses to M. bovis infection by a lateral-flow rapid test (RT) and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA). Magnitude of the antibody responses and antigen recognition patterns varied among the animals as determined by MAPIA; however, MPB83 was the most commonly recognized antigen for each host studied. Other seroreactive antigens included ESAT-6, CFP10, and MPB70. The agreement of the RT with culture results varied from 74% for possums to 81% for badgers to 90% for wild boar to 97% for white-tailed deer. Small numbers of wild boar and deer exposed to M. avium infection or paratuberculosis, respectively, did not cross-react in the RT, supporting the high specificity of the assay. In deer, whole blood samples reacted similarly to corresponding serum specimens (97% concordance), demonstrating the potential for field application. As previously demonstrated for badgers and deer, antibody responses to M. bovis infection in wild boar were positively associated with advanced disease. Together, these findings suggest that a rapid TB assay such as the RT may provide a useful screening tool for certain wildlife species that may be implicated in the maintenance and transmission of M. bovis infection to domestic livestock.The authors are grateful to Peter Andersen and Jim McNair for kindly providing certain antigens used in C this study. Badger samples were taken under projects funded by the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK. The authors acknowledge the support of staff from CSL, VLA Starcross, Defra Wildlife Unit, and permission from the Independent Scientific Group for use of sera from the RBCT. Spanish wild boar samples were obtained with support from MEC Plan Nacional AGL2005-07401 and Santander - Fundacion M. Botin

T-Cell and Antibody Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens in Tuberculin Skin-Test-Positive Bos indicus and Bos taurus Cattle in Ethiopia

Higher IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial antigens were observed in Bos taurus (Holsteins) than in Bos indicus (Zebu) cattle which could due to differences in antigen recognition profiles between the two breeds. The present study was conducted to evaluate mycobacterial antigen recognition profiles of the two breeds. Twenty-three mycobacterial antigens were tested on 46 skin test positive (24 Zebu and 22 Holstein) using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and multiple antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA). Herds from which the study cattle obtained were tested for Fasciola antibody. The T cells from both breeds recognized most of the mycobacterial antigens at lower and comparable frequencies. However, antigens such as CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv0287, Rv0288, MPB87, Acr-2, Rv3616c, and Rv3879c were recognized at higher frequencies in zebu while higher frequencies of T cell responses were observed to Hsp65 in both breeds. Furthermore, comparable antibody responses were observed in both breeds; MPB83 being the sero-dominant antigen in both breeds. The prevalence of Fasciola antibody was 81% and similar in both breeds. This piece of work could not lead to a definitive conclusion if there are differences in mycobacterial recognition profiles between the two breeds warranting for further similar studies using sound sample size from the two breeds

cAMP Control of HCN2 Channel Mg2+ Block Reveals Loose Coupling between the Cyclic Nucleotide-Gating Ring and the Pore

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-regulated HCN channels underlie the Na+-K+ permeable IH pacemaker current. As with other voltage-gated members of the 6-transmembrane KV channel superfamily, opening of HCN channels involves dilation of a helical bundle formed by the intracellular ends of S6 albeit this is promoted by inward, not outward, displacement of S4. Direct agonist binding to a ring of cyclic nucleotide-binding sites, one of which lies immediately distal to each S6 helix, imparts cAMP sensitivity to HCN channel opening. At depolarized potentials, HCN channels are further modulated by intracellular Mg2+ which blocks the open channel pore and blunts the inhibitory effect of outward K+ flux. Here, we show that cAMP binding to the gating ring enhances not only channel opening but also the kinetics of Mg2+ block. A combination of experimental and simulation studies demonstrates that agonist acceleration of block is mediated via acceleration of the blocking reaction itself rather than as a secondary consequence of the cAMP enhancement of channel opening. These results suggest that the activation status of the gating ring and the open state of the pore are not coupled in an obligate manner (as required by the often invoked Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric model) but couple more loosely (as envisioned in a modular model of protein activation). Importantly, the emergence of second messenger sensitivity of open channel rectification suggests that loose coupling may have an unexpected consequence: it may endow these erstwhile “slow” channels with an ability to exert voltage and ligand-modulated control over cellular excitability on the fastest of physiologically relevant time scales

Modern approaches to the treatment of genital prolapse in obese women

Introduction. The problem of female genital prolapse (GP) remains in the sportlight of gynecologists, because despite the variety of surgical methods, there are still recurrences of the disease, which are associated not only with the failure of the restored ligaments, fascia, muscles, damaged pelvic floor and perineum, but with the imperfection of the operation. The solution of this problem is especially important in the treatment of patients with extragenital pathology, in particular obesity. The purpose: to optimize the treatment of genital prolapse in obese patients by determining an individual approach to planning surgical treatment taking into account the degree of obesity and concomitant pathology. Materials and methods. We examined 65 patients of which 20 had genital prolapse and obesity (main group), 25 had genital prolapse and normal weight (comparison group), 20 women did not have gynecological diseases and extragenital pathology made up control group. To diagnose obesity and determine its degree we calculated body mass index (BMI). To determine the degree of GP its quantitative assessment was used (POP-Q; 1996). Surgical intervention included transvaginal extirpation of the uterus without appendages, anterior colporrhaphy, colpoperineoraphy with levatoplasty, sacrospinal colpopexy. Transabdominal and laparoscopic colposacropexy in obese women were not used due to the presence of relative contraindications for laparoscopy (cardiovascular disease, respiratory pathology, adhesions, the condition after hernias’ surgery). Therefore, all operations on women with GP and obesity were performed transvaginally due to the inability to perform abdominal access. In comparison group transvaginal surgery was performed. All the groups under study were representative. Before the use of polypropylene mesh "Polymesh" to minimize purulent-septic complications associated with the use of synthetic prostheses aquadissection was performed with 0.9% saline with the addition of 1 g of ceftriaxone per 200 ml. After the operation, the women used suppositories with hyaluronic acid (revitax). Results. The results of surgical treatment have been analyzed and the following data were obtained: recurrences in the main and in the comparison group were 4% (2 women in whom operations were performed with the use of their own tissues without  mesh prosthesis). Infectious complications, dyspareunia and pelvic pain were not observed. Conclusions. Surgical treatment of GP in obese women by using polypropylene mesh "Polymesh" for colposacropexy after transvaginal uterine extirpation increases the effectiveness of treatment  and redduces the number of recurrences. Hydropreparation of the mesh with an antibacterial agent and postoperative use of hyaluronidase intravaginally helps to reduce purulent-septic complications of surgery and improves the patients’quality of life