Composition and dynamics of mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Mixed flocks are associations of two or more species that are formed and maintained through mutual behavioral responses, with advantages such as maximizing foraging and protecting against predation. This study aimed to evaluate the composition, temporal dynamics, and presence of core species in mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of the Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in the Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Data collection took place from October 2016 to September 2017 through monthly campaigns, consisting of three consecutive observation days, with sampling sessions of six hours per day, resulting in a total effort of 216 h of observations. For each contact with the flocks, we recorded the species and number of individuals, stratum of occurrence, substrates of search, and agonistic interactions. We recorded 152 mixed flocks, with a total of 76 species belonging to 24 families, and five orders, with Thraupidae, Tyrannidae, Furnariidae, and Rhynchocyclidae being the richest. The flocks had an average of 4.5 ± 2.7 species and 8.7 ± 5.8 individuals, with richness and the number of individuals being positively correlated (R² = 0.8). Mixed flocks occurred throughout the year. There was a great variation in the number of contacts from October to February (from 5 to 20 contacts). Meanwhile from March to September, the coldest period of the year in the region, the number of contacts did not vary (from 9 to 14 contacts). However, there was no difference in the number of contacts between these months (z = 0.37; p = 0.691). Basileuterus culicivorus and Habia rubica were the core species because, in addition to their high participation (46.7 and 32.9%, respectively), they showed frequent and conspicuous movement and vocalization. Thus, a high capacity to enlist a greater number of individuals from different species for the flocks was demonstrated

Automotive and aeronautical clusters in the São Paulo state’s Vale do Paraíba: a comparison of formation trajectories

This paper presents a comparison of the relevant characteristics of São Paulo State’s Vale do Paraíba automotive and aerospace clusters observed and analyzes the technological and productive chains strengthening. In order to accomplish it, the adopted methodological procedures are of qualitative nature, by means of documentary research. The results pointed out that the government established, in the mid-1945, the currently named Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA), as a research and development (R&D) center and, by 1979, Embraer, a state-owned aeronautical construction industry. It was also sought to generate conditions so that domestic companies could emerge around and replace the dependency on aerospace systems and subsystems international suppliers by developing indigenous technological capacities. The automotive cluster under study started in the São Paulo State’s Vale do Paraíba (PPV) by means of the regionalization of multinational automotive construction firms migrated from ABC Paulista region looking for physical space for their growth, also relying on tax benefits. The survey results indicate that, in spite of fundamental differences with regard to their productive chains strenghtening processes, they showed similar adverse results

Economical Feasibility of Strawberry Production in a Semi-Hydroponic System and Agroindustry of Jelly on a Small Property

Growing strawberries is a great alternative for family farms, it is possible to obtain a good financial return on a small property. Consumption growth Strawberry "in natura" in recent years, along with a high price increase, further assists in the marketing of the fruit. This study aimed to establish a greenhouse to grow plants behave 18,000 Camarosa, with approximate production of 200 kg of strawberries daily in peak harvest in semi-hydroponic system in a family owned, located in the municipality of Canguçu-RS. The strawberry produced should be packaged for sale "in natura" and received in the form of jelly. Strawberries are classified by their diameter (25mm and 15mm) and defects in three classes: Class A, includes all healthy and greater than 25 mm diameter strawberries; class B, includes all the healthy strawberries and with a diameter between 25 mm and 15 mm and the class C, includes all strawberries with less than 15mm diameter. The strawberries in Classes A and B will be sold as "in natura" and Class C will be used for the production of jam. To perform the economic analysis, initially used the SWOT matrix, which is a tool used to perform environmental analysis, as the basis of management and strategic planning. The financial analysis of the project was carried out through the following indications: NPV (Net Present Value), IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and payback. Through the completion of the procedures for determining the cash flow and economic indicators, it was found through studies of scenarios, keeping the price constant and equal to jam £ 5.50, the minimum price of the strawberry "in natura" is worth $ 6.83. The production of jelly is an alternative to adding value to the product and also provides more time for marketing

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para recomendação de calagem e adubação para as culturas de grãos

The recommendations of liming and fertilization for the different crops in the main producing regions of the country are based on the knowledge generated by researchers in the area of soil science. Interpretation tables for nutrient contents in the soil and tables with the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were elaborated for the different manuals published in some states / regions. Under the name of AGROFERT, a WEB system was created that aims to integrate the information of the correction and fertilizer recommendation systems for the states of Rio Grande do Sul / Santa Catarina and Paraná for the main grain crops and to evaluate the evolution of the characteristics of the soil. The system has a consistent scientific basis, allowing for more comprehensive recommendations that can be continually improved. To date, different existing computerized recommendation systems are specific to a single state / region and provide simpler information. The Agrofert system saves time, since its use does not require calculating, correcting and writing recommendations by the traditional method (Manual)As recomendações de calagem e adubação para as diferentes culturas nas principais regiões produtoras do País fundamentam-se no conhecimento gerado por pesquisadores da área de ciências do solo. Tabelas de interpretação para os teores de nutrientes no solo e tabelas com as quantidade de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio foram elaboradas para os diferentes manuais publicados em alguns estados/regiões. Sob a designação de AGROFERT, foi criado um sistema WEB que tem como objetivo integrar as informações dos sistemas de recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul/Santa Catariana e Paraná para as principais culturas de grãos e avaliar as evolução das características químicas do solo. O sistema apresenta uma base científica consistente, permitindo recomendações mais abrangentes e passíveis de contínuo aperfeiçoamento. Até o momento os diferentes sistemas de recomendação informatizados existentes são específicos para um único estado/região e trazem informações mais simplórias. O sistema Agrofert possibilita uma economia de tempo, pois seu uso dispensa calcular, corrigir e redigir recomendações pelo método tradicional (Manual)

Modelagem para recomendação de calagem e adubação para as principais regiões produtoras de grãos do Brasil na linguagem SQL

The agribusiness has a significant importance to the Brazilian economy. In this case, technologies are needed to increase the efficiency of the productive system, but there are few technological tools that perform interpretations of soil analysis and fertilizer recommendations efficiently and comprehensively. In this context, the AgroFert system proposes to make corrective and fertilizer recommendations based on soil analyzes for several regions and grain crops of Brazil, through two systems: web and mobile, which uses a knowledge base in liming and fertilization. Therefore, this work aims at presenting the conceptual and logical modeling process of a database that have rules of information management to interpret the results of soil analysis reports and to recommend soil correctives and fertilizers. Rules were created that use comparisons, filtering, mathematical operations and logical operations, modeled in the SQL language, and when executed, generate interpretations of soil analysis and recommendations for correctives and fertilizers. The AgroFert covers the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Minas Gerais and São Paulo and the biome of Cerrado. In addition to the conceptual modeling, 22 operations were created, totaling approximately 400 lines of code, and it was possible to recommend fertilizers for 13 grain crops. The results of the tests showed that the computerization of the data present in the RS / SC and Paraná manuals facilitated the interpretation of the data present in soil analysis reports, besides increasing the precision and agility in the recommendations of corrective and fertilizer producers.Diante da importância do agronegócio para a economia brasileira, são necessárias tecnologias que busquem aumentar a eficiência do sistema produtivo, mas existem poucas ferramentas tecnológicas que realizam interpretações de análises de solo e recomendações de fertilizantes de forma eficiente e abrangente. Neste contexto, o sistema AgroFert propõe-se a realizar recomendações de corretivos e fertilizantes com base em análises de solo para diversas regiões e culturas de grãos do Brasil, através de dois sistemas: web e móvel, que utilizam uma base de conhecimento em manuais de recomendação de calagem e adubação. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de modelagem conceitual e lógica de um banco de dados que possui regras de gerenciamento das informações nele contidas para interpretar os resultados de laudos de análise de solo e recomendar corretivos de solo e fertilizantes. Foram criadas regras que utilizam comparações, filtragens, operações matemáticas e operações lógicas, modeladas na linguagem SQL, e que quando executadas, geram interpretações de análises de solo e recomendações de corretivos e fertilizantes. O AgroFert abrange os estados Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Minas Gerais e São Paulo e o bioma do Cerrado. Além da modelagem conceitual, foram criadas 22 operações, totalizando aproximadamente 400 linhas de código, sendo possível recomendar fertilizantes para 13 culturas de grãos. Os resultados dos testes realizados demonstraram que a informatização dos dados presentes nos manuais do RS/SC e do Paraná facilitaram a interpretação dos dados presentes em laudos de análise de solo, além de aumentar a precisão e agilidade nos processos de recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes pelos produtores