Electric filed intensity of the lightning strikes on lightning air terminals installed on building structures

Lightning activities are growing up rapidly with global warming. It can affect anything on the earth. All the constructed buildings need proper protection from the harmful effect of lightning. Lightning strike points on different geometrical shapes have been investigated. Lightning strike distribution of different building structure is very important to be studied. In order to analyse the maximum effect of lightning strike pattern is obtained of different air terminals installed on scaled building structures. High voltage impulse generator is used in order to get the impulse voltage. Different numbers of air terminals have been applied to all the shapes in order to see the lightning strike points. Electric field is obtained in order to see its minimum and maximum effect on the entire building structure. Interestingly the phenomenon of lightning air terminal bypasses has been proved in this paper

Red-mud based porous nanocatalysts for valorisation of municipal solid waste

Red mud samples were used to catalyse in-situ co-pyrolysis of pinewood and low-density polyethylene for the production of high-quality bio-oil. The sodium cation in the crude red-mud was exchanged with barium and calcium cations and further tested to explore their role in oil upgrading. The relationship between red-mud catalytic activity and its constituents was explored using synthetic sodalite. The red-mud catalysts exhibited a considerable aromatisation capacity compared to the thermal co-pyrolysis, as the selectivity towards monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons increased from 12.7 to 19.6%, respectively. Long-chain molecules cracking was more significant in synthetic sodalite associated with their acidic active sites. The addition of barium and calcium cations to the red-mud largely improved oxygen elimination as a result of the enhanced catalyst basicity. In contrast, the aromatisation ability of red-mud significantly impeded by the large cation size (Ba2+ and Ca2+) due to the limited diffusion of pyrolysis vapours to the active sites. Ba-exchanged red-mud catalysts reduced the content of carboxylic acids in the bio-oil to 1.8 % while maintained a high yield of the organic fraction (34 %). Ca-exchanged red-mud catalysts produced the lowest fraction of oxygenated compounds (35.1 %); however, the organic phase yield was as low as 23.6 %. The modified red-mud catalysts reduced the fraction of oxygenated compounds from 69.9–35.1% during the biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis.</p

Geological Carbon Sequestration in the Context of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media: A Review

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology on 21 May 2014, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.924184In this review, various aspects of geological carbon sequestration are discussed in relation to the principles of two-phase flow in porous media. Literature reports on geological sequestration of CO2 show that the aquifer storage capacity, sealing integrity of the caprock and the in situ processes, e.g., the displacement of brine by supercritical CO2 (scCO2), convection-diffusion-dissolution processes involving scCO2 and brine, geochemical reactions, and mineral precipitation depend on the fluid-fluid-rock characteristics as well as the prevailing subsurface conditions. Considering the complexity of the interrelationships among various processes, experimental investigations and network of mathematical functions are required for the ideal choice of geological site with predictable fluid-fluid-rock behaviours that enhance effective monitoring. From a thorough appraisal of the existing publications, recommendations are made for improvement in the existing simulators to fully couple the entire processes involved in the sequestration operations and in situ mechanisms which include injection rate and pressure, brine displacement, simultaneous flow of free and buoyant phases of CO2, various trapping mechanisms, convection-diffusion-dissolution processes, scCO2-brine-rock reactions, precipitation of the rock minerals and the consequences on the hydraulic and hydrogeological properties in the course of time as well as the quantity of injected CO2. Suggestion is made for the inclusion of leakage parameters on site-specific basis to quantify the risks posed by the prevailing fluid-fluid-rock characteristics as well as their immediate and future tendencies. Calls are also made for thorough investigations of factors that cause non-uniqueness of the two-phase flow behaviour with suggestions for the use of appropriate experimental techniques. The review comprehensively synthesizes the available knowledge in the geological carbon sequestration in a logical sequence

Physicians&apos; guideline adherence is associated with long-term heart failure mortality in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the QUALIFY international registry

Background: Physicians&apos; adherence to guideline-recommended therapy is associated with short-term clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, its impact on longer-term outcomes is poorly documented. Here, we present results from the 18-month follow-up of the QUALIFY registry. Methods and results: Data at 18 months were available for 6118 ambulatory HFrEF patients from this international prospective observational survey. Adherence was measured as a continuous variable, ranging from 0 to 1, and was assessed for five classes of recommended HF medications and dosages. Most deaths were cardiovascular (CV) (228/394) and HF-related (191/394) and the same was true for unplanned hospitalizations (1175 CV and 861 HF-related hospitalizations, out of a total of 1541). According to univariable analysis, CV and HF deaths were significantly associated with physician adherence to guidelines. In multivariable analysis, HF death was associated with adherence level [subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.99 per 0.1 unit adherence level increase; P = 0.034] as was composite of HF hospitalization or CV death (SHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99 per 0.1 unit adherence level increase; P = 0.043), whereas unplanned all-cause, CV or HF hospitalizations were not (all-cause: SHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.9–1.02; CV: SHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.01; and HF: SHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.96–1.02 per 0.1 unit change in adherence score; P = 0.52, P = 0.2, and P = 0.4, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that physicians&apos; adherence to guideline-recommended HF therapies is associated with improved outcomes in HFrEF. Practical strategies should be established to improve physicians&apos; adherence to guidelines. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2019 European Society of Cardiolog