Централізоване обслуговування аеронавігаційної системи в Європі

This article provides the information on current intentions and focuses on one of the developmentprocesses being currently performed within Eurocontrol - Centralised Services.Рассмотрена новая концепция Евроконтроля. Проанализированы разные виды обслуживания для стран-членовЕвроконтроля. Показаны преимущества и недостатки предложенной концепции.Розглянуто нову концепцію Євроконтролю. Проаналізовано різні види послуг для країн-членів Євроконтролю.Показано переваги та недоліки реалізації запропонованої концепції

Antecedents of Ethical Decision Making by physician assistants and nurse practitioners: validation of instruments and their application

The dissertation contains studies into the antecedents of ethical decision-making among Dutch physician assistants and nurse practitioners. In this, use was made of existing and self-developed questionnaires that have been validated

The predictive values of a deliberative and a paternalistic attitude towards two situations of moral conflict:A study among Dutch nurse practitioners and physician assistants

Background In this study, we examined the predictive values of a moral deliberate and paternalistic attitude on the propensity of yielding to pressure. In these hypothesised positive and negative relationships, we further sought to ascertain whether moral disengagement plays a pivotal role when individuals deviate from ethical standards, rules and regulations when yielding to pressure. Aim(s) This study's primary aim was to assess the predictive value of a moral deliberative and paternalistic attitude for yielding to pressure when physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) face moral conflicts. Method This validation study was cross-sectional and based on a convenience sample of Dutch PAs and NPs. The MSQ-DELIB and MSQ-PATER scales indicate a moral deliberate or paternalistic attitude. These scales were assumed to have a predictive value towards the degree of yielding to pressure by PAs and NPs. Yielding to pressure was measured by two vignettes in which respondents faced a moral conflict (vignette 1: prescribing unindicated antibiotics and vignette 2: discharging a difficult patient from the hospital). Results Only moral deliberation was a significant predictor of yielding to pressure. That is, we found a positive effect in vignette 1 (in which the pressure came from the patient). In contrast, we found a negative relationship in vignette 2 (in which pressure went from the working environment). Paternalism did not affect yielding to pressure in either vignette. Conclusion This study suggests that PAs and NPs having a moral deliberative attitude makes them receptive to pressure exerted by patients to break moral standards. On the other hand, they are more resilient against doing so when this pressure comes from different sources than the patient. Further research is needed to find more conclusive evidence for this differential effect

EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MASTER PLAN

Abstract. In the article the issue of prospects development of airspace and air traffic of Europe isconsidered. Main problems of the existed air navigation system have been reviewed. Some actions to beundertaken in Ukraine to improve its airspace indicators and increase the number of aircraft served by ATSunits have been proposed. A performance based navigation concept is used by authors as a method to solvethe problem. The concept is based on the principal of strict focus on desired results and well informeddecision making process. The structure of the Master Plan and its stepwise implementation in the Europeairspace is described. The methods proposed to follow the plan structure appropriately have been reviewed.The performance based navigation concept can serve a key point in researches aimed at finding efficientways to develop airspace and air traffic in Europe. The role and functions of ATS units within the frameworkof the performance based navigation concept are considered. In future more research of this issue will beconducted and new results will be published

Influence of the microstructural defects on hydrogen embrittlement in steels

Con el nombre de fragilización por hidrógeno (FPH) se describen los efectos nocivos del hidrógeno sobre las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los materiales. A pesar de las intensas investigaciones, la fragilización por hidrogeno no esta aun completamente entendida. Sin embargo, se ha establecido que el efecto de atrapamiento por los defectos de la red, contribuye directamente a todos los mecanismos de fragilización. En este trabajo estudiamos los efectos de la variación de la microestructura sobre la FPH en un acero de bajo carbono (ASTM A516 G60) y un acero inoxidable austenitico (AISI 304), ambos de gran uso en medios hidrogenados. En el caso del acero al carbono, cambiamos la microestructura presente en las uniones soldadas de este material (estructura martensitica) por medio de un revenido a baja temperatura, 453 K, y a alta temperatura, 753 K. Evaluamos la modificación de las trampas para el hidrogeno (los defectos del material) mediante la técnica de la microimpresión de hidrogeno, la técnica de la permeación de hidrogeno y ensayos de fisuración. Los resultados mostraron que en el acero de bajo carbono, las interfases entre listones de martensita son los principales sitios de atrapamiento para el hidrogeno en la martensita sin revenir. Estos sitios van perdiendo su poder de atrapamiento a medida que aumenta la temperatura de revenido. Este hecho, visualizado mediante la técnica de la microimpresión de hidrogeno, coincide con el aumento de la difusividad de hidrogeno y la disminución de la FPH. En el revenido a baja temperatura, la disminución del poder de atrapamiento de las interfases entre listones fue atribuida al relevado de tensiones por reordenamiento de dislocaciones producido por el crecimiento de los carburos. Este hecho, puesto en evidencia a través de la técnica de la permeación de hidrogeno, permitió además obtener la cinética de precipitación de carburos. En cambio, para el revenido a alta temperatura, la reducción del atrapamiento fue atribuida a la disminución de la densidad de dislocaciones. En lo que respecta al acero inoxidable, la microestructura estudiada fueron uniones soldadas formadas por austenita y distintos contenidos de ferrita delta. Estudiamos la influencia de esta ultima fase sobre la distribución de hidrogeno en la microestructura por medio de la técnica de la microimpresión de hidrogeno. Evaluamos el danio causado por el hidrogeno a través de ensayos de fisuración y de tracción. La técnica de la microimpresión de hidrogeno puso en evidencia que las interfaces ferrita-austenita actúan como trampas para el hidrogeno. La presencia de ferrita hace que el material sea más susceptible frente al hidrogeno, a mayor cantidad de ferrita es mayor la FPH, pero fundamentalmente modifica la forma en que el hidrogeno dania al material: la austenita ya no se fractura fragilmente sino que lo hace de manera dúctil, acompañando la fractura frágil de la ferrita. Las técnicas empleadas en el presente trabajo demostraron, de manera clara y precisa, el rol fundamental que juegan las trampas en la FPH de los materiales.Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is the deleterious effects of hydrogen on the physical and mechanical properties of materials. Despite intense investigation, hydrogen embrittlement is not completely understood yet. However, it has been established that the trapping effect by lattice defects, contributes directly to all embrittlement mechanisms. In this work the effects on the HE due to variation of the microstructure were studied on a low carbon steel (ASTM A516 G60) and an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), both of great use in hydrogenated environments. In the case of the low carbon steel, the microstructure presents in welded unions of this material (martensitic structure) was changed by means of tempering at low temperature, 453 K, and at high temperature, 723 K. The hydrogen traps modifications was evaluated by means the hydrogen microprint technique, hydrogen permeation test and hydrogen embrittlement tests. The results showed that in the low carbon steel, the laths interfaces of martensite are the main hydrogen trapping sites in the fresh-martensite. The trapping power of these sites decrease as the tempering temperature increases. This fact, visualised by means of the hydrogen microprint technique, is in coincidence with the increase of the hydrogen diffusivity and the decrease of the HE. In the low temperature tempering, the decrease in trapping power of the laths interfaces was attributed to stress relaxation by dislocation rearrangements produced by carbides precipitation. This fact, put in evidence through the hydrogen permeation tests, allowed also to obtain carbides precipitation kinetics. On the other hand, in the high temperature tempering, the reduction of the trapping was attributed to the decrease in the dislocations density. For the stainless steel, the microstructure tested were welded unions consisting of austenite with different contents of delta ferrite. The influence of this last phase on the hydrogen distribution in the microstructure was studied by means the hydrogen microprint technique. The damage caused by the hydrogen was evaluated through bending tests and tensile tests. The interfaces ferrite-austenite result as hydrogen traps, put in evidence by means the hydrogen microprint technique. The presence of ferrite increases the susceptibility to hydrogen, the more quantity of ferrite the more HE, but basically it modify the form in which the hydrogen damages the material: the austenite changes from its normal fragile fracture to ductile fracture, accompanying the ferrite fragile fracture. The techniques employed in this work demonstrated, in a clear and precise way, the role of traps in HE.Fil:Luppo, María Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Аналіз концепції об’єкта польотної інформації

The article represents an analysis of the Flight Object concept implementation in Europe. The objectives, features and interoperability performances of the Flight Object are considered. The multiobjective model for the efficiency estimation of the Flight Object implementation has been developed. The integral efficiency criterion is defined using the Harrington's desirability generalized function.Проведен анализ внедрения концепции объекта полетной информации в Европе. Рассмотрены назначение, особенности и характеристики интероперабельности объекта полетной информации. Разработана модель многокритериальной оценки эффективности внедрения концепции объекта полетной информации. Определен интегральный критерий эффективности с применением обобщенной функции желательности Харрингтона.Проведено аналіз впровадження концепції об’єкта польотної інформації у Європі. Розглянуто призначення, особливості та характеристики інтероперабельності об’єкта польотної інформації. Розроблено модель багатокритеріальної оцінки ефективності впровадження концепції об’єкта польотної інформації. Визначено інтегральний критерій ефективності із застосуванням узагальненої функції бажаності Харрінгтона

Fábrica magnética de los diques permo-triásicos del área de La Esperanza, macizo norpatagónico, Argentina

Se presentan los resultados preliminares de un estudio de anisotropía de susceptibilidad magnética (ASM) en diques de composiciones ácidas y básicas que intrusionan a rocas del Complejo Plutónico La Esperanza (Provincia de Río Negro, Macizo Norpatagónico, Argentina), con el fin de entender su mecanismo de emplazamiento y posibles edades relativas. El mismo fue complementado con estudios de mineralogía magnética y petrografía. Se distinguen diversas facies composicionales y texturales en los diques. El portador magnético más destacado sería magnetita multi-dominio. Se observa una buena correlación entre la fábrica magnética y el rumbo de las estructuras, pudiéndose asignar esto a direcciones de flujo y ascenso magmático.Preliminary results from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies of acid and basic dikes intruding the La Esperanza Plutonic Complex (Rio Negro province, North Patagonian Massif, Argentina) are presented, with the purpose of understanding their emplacement mechanism and possible relative ages. These studies were complemented with magnetic mineralogy and petrographic analysis. Several types are distinguished, both compositional and textural. The most important magnetic carrier is interpreted to be multi-domain magnetite. A very good correlation is observed between the magnetic fabric of the dikes, and their attitudes, which is interpreted to reflect magmatic flow and emplacement kinematics.Fil: Miguez, Maximilano R.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Dopico, Carmen Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica; ArgentinaFil: Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Monica Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica; ArgentinaFil: Luppo, Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Are Dutch patients willing to be seen by a physician assistant instead of a medical doctor?

Background The employment of physician assistants (PAs) is a strategy to improve access to care. Since the new millennium, a handful of countries have turned to PAs as a means to bridge the growing gap between the supply and demand of medical services. However, little is known about this new workforce entity from the patient’s perspective. The objective of this study was to assess the willingness of Dutch patients to be treated by a PA or a medical doctor (MD) under various time constraints and semi-urgent medical scenarios. Methods A total of 450 Dutch adults were recruited to act as surrogate patients. A convenience sample was drawn from patients in a medical office waiting room in a general hospital awaiting their appointments. Each participant was screened to be naive as to what a PA and a nurse practitioner are and then read a definition of a PA and an MD. One of three medical scenarios was assigned to the participants in a patterned 1-2-3 strategy. Patients were required to make a trade-off decision of being seen after 1 hour by a PA or after 4 hours by a doctor. This forced-choice method continued with the same patient two more times with 30 minutes and 4 hours and another one of 2 hours versus 4 hours for the PA and MD, respectively. Results Surrogate patients chose the PA over the MD 96 % to 98 % of the time (depending on the scenario). No differences emerged when analysed by gender, age, or parenthood status. Conclusion Willingness to be seen by a PA was tested a priori to determine whether surrogate Dutch patients would welcome this new health-care provider. The findings suggest that employing PAs, at least in concept, may be an acceptable strategy for improving access to care with this population