125 research outputs found
The Dynamics and Correlates of Religious Service Attendance in Adolescence
This study examines changes in religious service attendance over time for a contemporary cohort of adolescents moving from middle to late adolescence. We use two waves of a nationally representative panel survey of youth from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) to examine the dynamics of religious involvement during adolescence. We then follow with an analysis of how demographic characteristics, family background, and life course transitions relate to changes in religious service attendance during adolescence. Our findings suggest that, on average, adolescent religious service attendance declines over time, related to major life course transitions such as becoming employed, leaving home, and initiating sexual activity. Parentsâ affiliation and attendance, on the other hand, are protective factors against decreasing attendance
Att upprÀtthÄlla samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnÀtverk - En studie om mÄlsÀttningars, förtroendens och strukturens betydelse
Titel: Att upprĂ€tthĂ„lla samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnĂ€tverk â En studie om mĂ„lsĂ€ttningars, förtroendens och strukturens betydelse. Universitet: Institutionen för Service Management, Lunds Universitet, Sverige. Kurs/NivĂ„: SMTX06, Kandidatuppsats 15 hp. Författare: Charlotte Lundquist, Emma Nilsson, Jessica Vestin Handledare: Johan Hultman, Erika Andersson Cederholm Problembeskrivning: DestinationsnĂ€tverk har fĂ„tt en allt större betydelse för en destinations möjligheter till framgĂ„ng. DĂ€remot saknas det idag en samlad kunskap kring hur olika element pĂ„verkar upprĂ€tthĂ„llandet av samarbetsrelationer i dessa nĂ€tverk. Syfte: VĂ„rt syfte har varit att undersöka hur samarbetsrelationer mellan olika aktörer i ett destinationsnĂ€tverk kan upprĂ€tthĂ„llas. Det vill sĂ€ga de interna samarbetsrelationer som finns mellan de aktörer som verkar pĂ„ en destination. Detta har vi gjort genom att studera olika perspektiv pĂ„ hur samarbetsrelationer kan upprĂ€tthĂ„llas. Slutligen ville vi undersöka möjligheterna att se samband mellan dessa för att pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt ge en mer omfattande och samlad förstĂ„else för fenomenet. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningar: Vilken betydelse har gemensamma mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar för upprĂ€tthĂ„llandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnĂ€tverk? Vilken betydelse har förtroende för upprĂ€tthĂ„llandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnĂ€tverk? Vilken betydelse har nĂ€tverkets struktur för upprĂ€tthĂ„llandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnĂ€tverk? Metod: En deduktiv ansats har anvĂ€nts, dĂ€r vi valt att genom kvalitativa intervjuer djupgĂ„ende studera en teoriprövande undersökningsenhet; destinationsnĂ€tverket Göteborg. Den deduktiva ansatsen har kombinerats med induktiva inslag för att skapa möjligheter att kvalitativt söka efter nya aspekter som pĂ„verkar resultatet av vĂ„ra frĂ„gestĂ€llningar. Teoretisk referensram: Vi har deduktivt utgĂ„tt frĂ„n tre tematiska omrĂ„den som vi antagit har en pĂ„verkan pĂ„ upprĂ€tthĂ„llandet av samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnĂ€tverk. Dessa har varit gemensamma mĂ„lsĂ€ttningars, förtroendets och strukturens betydelse. För dessa tematiska omrĂ„den har vi formulerat teoretiska antaganden vilka vi prövat empiriskt. Resultat: VĂ„r studie har visat att vĂ„ra teoretiska antaganden delvis har en empirisk grund, men vi fann ocksĂ„ att alla antaganden behövde kompletteras med aspekter vi funnit vara betydelsefulla i vĂ„r empiriska studie. Slutligen har vi sammanfattat vĂ„ra slutsatser med att alla tematiska omrĂ„den visat sig, pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt, vara grundförutsĂ€ttningar för att samarbetsrelationer ska kunna upprĂ€tthĂ„llas. Dessa teman eller element Ă€r inbördes beroende av varandra och ingen av förutsĂ€ttningarna kan fungera optimalt utan de andra tvĂ„
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Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain : lessons from the Cascade Mountains
The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, highâresolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C kmâ»Âč. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geoâstatistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9â5.2°C kmâ»Âč, substantially smaller than the oftenâassumed 6.5°C kmâ»Âč. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5â3.5°C kmâ»Âč) in lateâsummer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5â7.5°C kmâ»Âč) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling
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A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept
This work advances a unified approach to process-based hydrologic modeling to enable controlled and systematic evaluation of multiple model representations (hypotheses) of hydrologic processes and scaling behavior. Our approach, which we term the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), formulates a general set of conservation equations, providing the flexibility to experiment with different spatial representations, different flux parameterizations, different model parameter values, and different time stepping schemes. In this paper, we introduce the general approach used in SUMMA, detailing the spatial organization and model simplifications, and how different representations of multiple physical processes can be combined within a single modeling framework. We discuss how SUMMA can be used to systematically pursue the method of multiple working hypotheses in hydrology. In particular, we discuss how SUMMA can help tackle major hydrologic modeling challenges, including defining the appropriate complexity of a model, selecting among competing flux parameterizations, representing spatial variability across a hierarchy of scales, identifying potential improvements in computational efficiency and numerical accuracy as part of the numerical solver, and improving understanding of the various sources of model uncertainty.Keywords: unified model, hydrometeorology, scaling behavio
Omfördelning av GrÀnby SportfÀlts effektuttag
There is currently a power shortage in the electric grid around Uppsala, which obstructs the local development, since it prevents companies from expanding their businesses. Sportfastigheter is a part of Uppsala municipality and operates the ice halls at GrÀnby SportfÀlt, which occasionally require large power outputs. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine whether flow batteries could be a possible technique to redistribute the power output from the electric grid. Type, size and steering of a flow battery have been examined through simulations. Flow batteries have also been compared to other energy storage methods and the implementation of a possible capacitor bank has been investigated. The result is, that flow batteries is a possible technique to cut power tops at GrÀnby sportfÀlt, while other storage methods should be investigated more closely, since flow batteries is a rather new and unproven technique. If the installation would be made today, a more established storage method such as lithium ion batteries would be preferable, even though flow batteries have a promising future potential. The installation of a capacitor bank can be considered since it would compensate the reactive effect and, hence, reduce the power output at GrÀnby SportfÀlt.Det rÄder idag kapacitetsbrist i Uppsalas elnÀt vilket bromsar den lokala utvecklingen eftersom det hindrar företag frÄn att bygga ut sina verksamheter. Sportfastigheter Àr en del av Uppsala kommun och förvaltar ishallarna vid GrÀnby SportfÀlt, som stundtals krÀver mycket stora effektuttag. Syftet med denna studie Àr att undersöka om flödesbatterier kan vara en möjlig teknik för att omfördela effektuttaget frÄn elnÀtet. Typ, storlek och styrning av ett flödesbatteri har undersökts genom simuleringar. Flödesbatterier har Àven jÀmförts med andra energilagringsmetoder och implementeringen av en eventuell kondensatorbank har undersökts. Resultatet Àr att flödesbatterier Àr en möjlig teknik för att kapa effekttopparna för GrÀnby SportfÀlt men att andra lagringsmetoder bör undersökas nÀrmare, eftersom flödesbatterier Àr en relativt ny och obeprövad metod. Om installation skulle göras i dagslÀget vore en mer etablerad lagringsmetod sÄsom litiumjonbatterier att föredra, Àven om flödesbatterier har en lovande framtidspotential. Installationen av en kondensatorbank kan övervÀgas dÄ det skulle kompensera för den reaktiva effekten och pÄ sÀtt minska effektuttaget för GrÀnby SportfÀlt
Stratus Ocean Reference Station (20ËS, 85ËW), mooring recovery and deployment cruise R/V Ronald H. Brown cruise 05-05, September 26, 2005âOctober 21, 2005
The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide
ongoing, climate-quality records of surface meteorology, of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean
temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationâs (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with
cruises that have come between October and December. During the October 2005 cruise of NOAAâs R/V Ronald H. Brown to the
ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were recovery of the WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in December 2004,
deployment of a new WHOI surface mooring at that site, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison
with instrumentation put on board by staff of the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and observations of the
stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ETL. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological
(IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure,
incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. The IMET data are
made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity,
temperature, and currents. The ETL instrumentation used during the 2005 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde ballons, and
sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. In addition, two technicians from the University of Concepcion collected
water samples for chemical analysis. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAAâs Teacher at Sea Program.Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR)
Correction: Managing Climate Change Refugia for Climate Adaptation.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159909.]
Forest gap effects on snow storage in the transitional climate of the Eastern Cascade Range, Washington, United States
Forest thinning and gap creation are being implemented across the western United States of America (USA) to reduce wildfire and forest mortality risk as the climate warms. The Eastern Cascades in Washington, USA, is in a transitional zone between maritime and continental climate conditions and represents a data gap in observations describing the relationship between forest density and snowpack. We collected 3 years of snow observations across a range of forest densities to characterize how forest management efforts in this region may influence the magnitude and duration of snow storage. Observations indicate that peak snow storage magnitude in small gaps ranges from the same to over twice that observed in unburned forest plots in the Eastern Cascades. However, differences in snow duration are generally small. Across all Eastern Cascade sites and years, we observed a median difference of snow storage lasting 7 days longer in gaps as compared to nearby forest plots. A notable exception to this pattern occurred at one north-facing site, where snow lasted 30 days longer in the gap. These observations of similar snow storage duration in the Eastern Cascades are attributed to minimal differences in canopy snow interception processes between forests and gaps at some sites, and to higher ablation rates that counterbalance the higher snow accumulation in the gaps at other sites. At the north-facing site, more snow accumulated in the gap, and ablation rates in the open gap were similar to the shaded forest due to the aspect of the site. Thus, snow storage duration was much longer in the gap. Together, these data suggest that prescriptions to reduce forest density through thinning and creating gaps may increase the overall amount of snow storage by reducing loss due to sublimation and melting of canopy-intercepted snow. However, reducing forest density in the Eastern Cascades is unlikely to buffer climate-induced shortening of snow storage duration, with the possible exception of gap creation in north-facing forests. Lastly, these observations fill a spatial and climatic data gap and can be used to support hydrological modeling at spatial and temporal scales that are relevant to forest management decisions
Managing climate change refugia for climate adaptation
Refugia have long been studied from paleontological and biogeographical perspectives to understand how populations persisted during past periods of unfavorable climate. Recently, researchers have applied the idea to contemporary landscapes to identify climate change refugia, here defined as areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and socio-cultural resources. We differentiate historical and contemporary views, and characterize physical and ecological processes that create and maintain climate change refugia. We then delineate how refugia can fit into existing decision support frameworks for climate adaptation and describe seven steps for managing them. Finally, we identify challenges and opportunities for operationalizing the concept of climate change refugia. Managing climate change refugia can be an important option for conservation in the face of ongoing climate change
An Improved Canine Genome and a Comprehensive Catalogue of Coding Genes and Non-Coding Transcripts
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, is a well-established model system for mapping trait and disease loci. While the original draft sequence was of good quality, gaps were abundant particularly in promoter regions of the genome, negatively impacting the annotation and study of candidate genes. Here, we present an improved genome build, canFam3.1, which includes 85 MB of novel sequence and now covers 99.8% of the euchromatic portion of the genome. We also present multiple RNA-Sequencing data sets from 10 different canine tissues to catalog âŒ175,000 expressed loci. While about 90% of the coding genes previously annotated by EnsEMBL have measurable expression in at least one sample, the number of transcript isoforms detected by our data expands the EnsEMBL annotations by a factor of four. Syntenic comparison with the human genome revealed an additional âŒ3,000 loci that are characterized as protein coding in human and were also expressed in the dog, suggesting that those were previously not annotated in the EnsEMBL canine gene set. In addition to âŒ20,700 high-confidence protein coding loci, we found âŒ4,600 antisense transcripts overlapping exons of protein coding genes, âŒ7,200 intergenic multi-exon transcripts without coding potential, likely candidates for long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and âŒ11,000 transcripts were reported by two different library construction methods but did not fit any of the above categories. Of the lincRNAs, about 6,000 have no annotated orthologs in human or mouse. Functional analysis of two novel transcripts with shRNA in a mouse kidney cell line altered cell morphology and motility. All in all, we provide a much-improved annotation of the canine genome and suggest regulatory functions for several of the novel non-coding transcripts
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