The Dynamics and Correlates of Religious Service Attendance in Adolescence

This study examines changes in religious service attendance over time for a contemporary cohort of adolescents moving from middle to late adolescence. We use two waves of a nationally representative panel survey of youth from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) to examine the dynamics of religious involvement during adolescence. We then follow with an analysis of how demographic characteristics, family background, and life course transitions relate to changes in religious service attendance during adolescence. Our findings suggest that, on average, adolescent religious service attendance declines over time, related to major life course transitions such as becoming employed, leaving home, and initiating sexual activity. Parents’ affiliation and attendance, on the other hand, are protective factors against decreasing attendance

Att upprätthålla samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnätverk - En studie om målsättningars, förtroendens och strukturens betydelse

Titel: Att upprätthålla samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnätverk – En studie om målsättningars, förtroendens och strukturens betydelse. Universitet: Institutionen för Service Management, Lunds Universitet, Sverige. Kurs/Nivå: SMTX06, Kandidatuppsats 15 hp. Författare: Charlotte Lundquist, Emma Nilsson, Jessica Vestin Handledare: Johan Hultman, Erika Andersson Cederholm Problembeskrivning: Destinationsnätverk har fått en allt större betydelse för en destinations möjligheter till framgång. Däremot saknas det idag en samlad kunskap kring hur olika element påverkar upprätthållandet av samarbetsrelationer i dessa nätverk. Syfte: Vårt syfte har varit att undersöka hur samarbetsrelationer mellan olika aktörer i ett destinationsnätverk kan upprätthållas. Det vill säga de interna samarbetsrelationer som finns mellan de aktörer som verkar på en destination. Detta har vi gjort genom att studera olika perspektiv på hur samarbetsrelationer kan upprätthållas. Slutligen ville vi undersöka möjligheterna att se samband mellan dessa för att på så sätt ge en mer omfattande och samlad förståelse för fenomenet. Frågeställningar: Vilken betydelse har gemensamma målsättningar för upprätthållandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnätverk? Vilken betydelse har förtroende för upprätthållandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnätverk? Vilken betydelse har nätverkets struktur för upprätthållandet av samarbetsrelationer i Göteborgs destinationsnätverk? Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts, där vi valt att genom kvalitativa intervjuer djupgående studera en teoriprövande undersökningsenhet; destinationsnätverket Göteborg. Den deduktiva ansatsen har kombinerats med induktiva inslag för att skapa möjligheter att kvalitativt söka efter nya aspekter som påverkar resultatet av våra frågeställningar. Teoretisk referensram: Vi har deduktivt utgått från tre tematiska områden som vi antagit har en påverkan på upprätthållandet av samarbetsrelationer i ett destinationsnätverk. Dessa har varit gemensamma målsättningars, förtroendets och strukturens betydelse. För dessa tematiska områden har vi formulerat teoretiska antaganden vilka vi prövat empiriskt. Resultat: Vår studie har visat att våra teoretiska antaganden delvis har en empirisk grund, men vi fann också att alla antaganden behövde kompletteras med aspekter vi funnit vara betydelsefulla i vår empiriska studie. Slutligen har vi sammanfattat våra slutsatser med att alla tematiska områden visat sig, på olika sätt, vara grundförutsättningar för att samarbetsrelationer ska kunna upprätthållas. Dessa teman eller element är inbördes beroende av varandra och ingen av förutsättningarna kan fungera optimalt utan de andra två

Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain : lessons from the Cascade Mountains

The typically sparse distribution of weather stations in mountainous terrain inadequately resolves temperature variability. Accordingly, high‐resolution gridding of climate data (for applications such as hydrological modeling) often relies on assumptions such as a constant surface temperature lapse rate (i.e., decrease of surface temperature with altitude) of 6.5°C km⁻¹. Using an example of the Cascade Mountains, we describe the temporal and spatial variability of the surface temperature lapse rate, combining data from: (1) COOP stations, (2) nearby radiosonde launches, (3) a temporary dense network of sensors, (4) forecasts from the MM5 regional model, and (5) PRISM geo‐statistical analyses. On the windward side of the range, the various data sources reveal annual mean lapse rates of 3.9–5.2°C km⁻¹, substantially smaller than the often‐assumed 6.5°C km⁻¹. The data sets show similar seasonal and diurnal variability, with lapse rates smallest (2.5–3.5°C km⁻¹) in late‐summer minimum temperatures, and largest (6.5–7.5°C km⁻¹) in spring maximum temperatures. Geographic (windward versus lee side) differences in lapse rates are found to be substantial. Using a simple runoff model, we show the appreciable implications of these results for hydrological modeling

A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept

This work advances a unified approach to process-based hydrologic modeling to enable controlled and systematic evaluation of multiple model representations (hypotheses) of hydrologic processes and scaling behavior. Our approach, which we term the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), formulates a general set of conservation equations, providing the flexibility to experiment with different spatial representations, different flux parameterizations, different model parameter values, and different time stepping schemes. In this paper, we introduce the general approach used in SUMMA, detailing the spatial organization and model simplifications, and how different representations of multiple physical processes can be combined within a single modeling framework. We discuss how SUMMA can be used to systematically pursue the method of multiple working hypotheses in hydrology. In particular, we discuss how SUMMA can help tackle major hydrologic modeling challenges, including defining the appropriate complexity of a model, selecting among competing flux parameterizations, representing spatial variability across a hierarchy of scales, identifying potential improvements in computational efficiency and numerical accuracy as part of the numerical solver, and improving understanding of the various sources of model uncertainty.Keywords: unified model, hydrometeorology, scaling behavio

Omfördelning av Gränby Sportfälts effektuttag

There is currently a power shortage in the electric grid around Uppsala, which obstructs the local development, since it prevents companies from expanding their businesses. Sportfastigheter is a part of Uppsala municipality and operates the ice halls at Gränby Sportfält, which occasionally require large power outputs. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine whether flow batteries could be a possible technique to redistribute the power output from the electric grid. Type, size and steering of a flow battery have been examined through simulations. Flow batteries have also been compared to other energy storage methods and the implementation of a possible capacitor bank has been investigated. The result is, that flow batteries is a possible technique to cut power tops at Gränby sportfält, while other storage methods should be investigated more closely, since flow batteries is a rather new and unproven technique. If the installation would be made today, a more established storage method such as lithium ion batteries would be preferable, even though flow batteries have a promising future potential. The installation of a capacitor bank can be considered since it would compensate the reactive effect and, hence, reduce the power output at Gränby Sportfält.Det råder idag kapacitetsbrist i Uppsalas elnät vilket bromsar den lokala utvecklingen eftersom det hindrar företag från att bygga ut sina verksamheter. Sportfastigheter är en del av Uppsala kommun och förvaltar ishallarna vid Gränby Sportfält, som stundtals kräver mycket stora effektuttag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om flödesbatterier kan vara en möjlig teknik för att omfördela effektuttaget från elnätet. Typ, storlek och styrning av ett flödesbatteri har undersökts genom simuleringar. Flödesbatterier har även jämförts med andra energilagringsmetoder och implementeringen av en eventuell kondensatorbank har undersökts. Resultatet är att flödesbatterier är en möjlig teknik för att kapa effekttopparna för Gränby Sportfält men att andra lagringsmetoder bör undersökas närmare, eftersom flödesbatterier är en relativt ny och obeprövad metod. Om installation skulle göras i dagsläget vore en mer etablerad lagringsmetod såsom litiumjonbatterier att föredra, även om flödesbatterier har en lovande framtidspotential. Installationen av en kondensatorbank kan övervägas då det skulle kompensera för den reaktiva effekten och på sätt minska effektuttaget för Gränby Sportfält

Stratus Ocean Reference Station (20˚S, 85˚W), mooring recovery and deployment cruise R/V Ronald H. Brown cruise 05-05, September 26, 2005–October 21, 2005

The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing, climate-quality records of surface meteorology, of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises that have come between October and December. During the October 2005 cruise of NOAA’s R/V Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were recovery of the WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in December 2004, deployment of a new WHOI surface mooring at that site, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation put on board by staff of the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ETL. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological (IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. The IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. The ETL instrumentation used during the 2005 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde ballons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. In addition, two technicians from the University of Concepcion collected water samples for chemical analysis. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program.Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR)

Correction: Managing Climate Change Refugia for Climate Adaptation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159909.]

Forest gap effects on snow storage in the transitional climate of the Eastern Cascade Range, Washington, United States

Forest thinning and gap creation are being implemented across the western United States of America (USA) to reduce wildfire and forest mortality risk as the climate warms. The Eastern Cascades in Washington, USA, is in a transitional zone between maritime and continental climate conditions and represents a data gap in observations describing the relationship between forest density and snowpack. We collected 3 years of snow observations across a range of forest densities to characterize how forest management efforts in this region may influence the magnitude and duration of snow storage. Observations indicate that peak snow storage magnitude in small gaps ranges from the same to over twice that observed in unburned forest plots in the Eastern Cascades. However, differences in snow duration are generally small. Across all Eastern Cascade sites and years, we observed a median difference of snow storage lasting 7 days longer in gaps as compared to nearby forest plots. A notable exception to this pattern occurred at one north-facing site, where snow lasted 30 days longer in the gap. These observations of similar snow storage duration in the Eastern Cascades are attributed to minimal differences in canopy snow interception processes between forests and gaps at some sites, and to higher ablation rates that counterbalance the higher snow accumulation in the gaps at other sites. At the north-facing site, more snow accumulated in the gap, and ablation rates in the open gap were similar to the shaded forest due to the aspect of the site. Thus, snow storage duration was much longer in the gap. Together, these data suggest that prescriptions to reduce forest density through thinning and creating gaps may increase the overall amount of snow storage by reducing loss due to sublimation and melting of canopy-intercepted snow. However, reducing forest density in the Eastern Cascades is unlikely to buffer climate-induced shortening of snow storage duration, with the possible exception of gap creation in north-facing forests. Lastly, these observations fill a spatial and climatic data gap and can be used to support hydrological modeling at spatial and temporal scales that are relevant to forest management decisions

Managing climate change refugia for climate adaptation

Refugia have long been studied from paleontological and biogeographical perspectives to understand how populations persisted during past periods of unfavorable climate. Recently, researchers have applied the idea to contemporary landscapes to identify climate change refugia, here defined as areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and socio-cultural resources. We differentiate historical and contemporary views, and characterize physical and ecological processes that create and maintain climate change refugia. We then delineate how refugia can fit into existing decision support frameworks for climate adaptation and describe seven steps for managing them. Finally, we identify challenges and opportunities for operationalizing the concept of climate change refugia. Managing climate change refugia can be an important option for conservation in the face of ongoing climate change

An Improved Canine Genome and a Comprehensive Catalogue of Coding Genes and Non-Coding Transcripts

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, is a well-established model system for mapping trait and disease loci. While the original draft sequence was of good quality, gaps were abundant particularly in promoter regions of the genome, negatively impacting the annotation and study of candidate genes. Here, we present an improved genome build, canFam3.1, which includes 85 MB of novel sequence and now covers 99.8% of the euchromatic portion of the genome. We also present multiple RNA-Sequencing data sets from 10 different canine tissues to catalog ∼175,000 expressed loci. While about 90% of the coding genes previously annotated by EnsEMBL have measurable expression in at least one sample, the number of transcript isoforms detected by our data expands the EnsEMBL annotations by a factor of four. Syntenic comparison with the human genome revealed an additional ∼3,000 loci that are characterized as protein coding in human and were also expressed in the dog, suggesting that those were previously not annotated in the EnsEMBL canine gene set. In addition to ∼20,700 high-confidence protein coding loci, we found ∼4,600 antisense transcripts overlapping exons of protein coding genes, ∼7,200 intergenic multi-exon transcripts without coding potential, likely candidates for long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and ∼11,000 transcripts were reported by two different library construction methods but did not fit any of the above categories. Of the lincRNAs, about 6,000 have no annotated orthologs in human or mouse. Functional analysis of two novel transcripts with shRNA in a mouse kidney cell line altered cell morphology and motility. All in all, we provide a much-improved annotation of the canine genome and suggest regulatory functions for several of the novel non-coding transcripts