Passive Retention/Expulsion Methods for Subcritical Storage of Cryogens

Development of passive retention/expulsion system for subcritical storage of cryogenic material during low gravity situation

Optical and Physical Properties from Primary On-Road Vehicle ParticleEmissions And Their Implications for Climate Change

During the summers of 2004 and 2006, extinction and scattering coefficients of particle emissions inside a San Francisco Bay Area roadway tunnel were measured using a combined cavity ring-down and nephelometer instrument. Particle size distributions and humidification were also measured, as well as several gas phase species. Vehicles in the tunnel traveled up a 4% grade at a speed of approximately 60 km h{sup -1}. The traffic situation in the tunnel allows the apportionment of emission factors between light duty gasoline vehicles and diesel trucks. Cross-section emission factors for optical properties were determined for the apportioned vehicles to be consistent with gas phase and particulate matter emission factors. The absorption emission factor (the absorption cross-section per mass of fuel burned) for diesel trucks (4.4 {+-} 0.79 m{sup 2} kg{sup -1}) was 22 times larger than for light-duty gasoline vehicles (0.20 {+-} 0.05 m{sup 2} kg{sup -1}). The single scattering albedo of particles - which represents the fraction of incident light that is scattered as opposed to absorbed - was 0.2 for diesel trucks and 0.3 for light duty gasoline vehicles. These facts indicate that particulate matter from motor vehicles exerts a positive (i.e., warming) radiative climate forcing. Average particulate mass absorption efficiencies for diesel trucks and light duty gasoline vehicles were 3.14 {+-} 0.88 m{sup 2} g{sub PM}{sup -1} and 2.9 {+-} 1.07 m{sup 2} g{sub PM}{sup -1}, respectively. Particle size distributions and optical properties were insensitive to increases in relative humidity to values in excess of 90%, reinforcing previous findings that freshly emitted motor vehicle particulate matter is hydrophobic

Multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility modulate the defense response in the interaction of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18

The obligate biotrophic, soil-borne fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes wart disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which is a serious problem for crop production in countries with moderate climates. S. endobioticum induces hypertrophic cell divisions in plant host tissues leading to the formation of tumor-like structures. Potato wart is a quarantine disease and chemical control is not possible. From 38 S. endobioticum pathotypes occurring in Europe, pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 are the most relevant. Genetic resistance to wart is available but only few current potato varieties are resistant to all four pathotypes. The phenotypic evaluation of wart resistance is laborious, time-consuming and sometimes ambiguous, which makes breeding for resistance difficult. Molecular markers diagnostic for genes for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 would greatly facilitate the selection of new, resistant cultivars. Two tetraploid half-sib families (266 individuals) segregating for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 were produced by crossing a resistant genotype with two different susceptible ones. The families were scored for five different wart resistance phenotypes. The distribution of mean resistance scores was quantitative in both families. Resistance to pathotypes 2, 6 and 18 was correlated and independent from resistance to pathotype 1. DNA pools were constructed from the most resistant and most susceptible individuals and screened with genome wide simple sequence repeat (SSR), inverted simple sequence region (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Bulked segregant analysis identified three SSR markers that were linked to wart resistance loci (Sen). Sen1-XI on chromosome XI conferred partial resistance to pathotype 1, Sen18-IX on chromosome IX to pathotype 18 and Sen2/6/18-I on chromosome I to pathotypes 2,6 and 18. Additional genotyping with 191 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers confirmed the localization of the Sen loci. Thirty-three SNP markers linked to the Sen loci permitted the dissection of Sen alleles that increased or decreased resistance to wart. The alleles were inherited from both the resistant and susceptible parents

Where Nothing Happened: The Experience of War Captivity and Levinas’s Concept of the ‘There Is’

This article takes as its subject matter the juridico-political space of the prisoner of war (POW) camp. It sets out to determine the nature of this space by looking at the experience of war captivity by Jewish members of the Western forces in World War II, focusing on the experience of Emmanuel Levinas, who spent 5 years in German war captivity. On the basis of a historical analysis of the conditions in which Levinas spent his time in captivity, it argues that the POW camp was a space of indifference that was determined by the legal exclusion of prisoners from both war and persecution. Held behind the stage of world events, prisoners were neither able to exercise their legal agency nor released from law into a realm of extra-legal violence. Through a close reading of Levinas’s early concept of the ‘there is’ [il y a], the article seeks to establish the impact on prisoners of prolonged confinement in such a space. It sets out how prisoners’ subjectivity dissolved in the absence of meaningful relations with others and identifies the POW camp as a space in which existence was reduced to indeterminate, impersonal being

Listeria monocytogenes in Milk Products

peer-reviewedMilk and milk products are frequently identified as vectors for transmission of Listeria monocytogenes. Milk can be contaminated at farm level either by indirect external contamination from the farm environment or less frequently by direct contamination of the milk from infection in the animal. Pasteurisation of milk will kill L. monocytogenes, but post-pasteurisation contamination, consumption of unpasteurised milk and manufacture of unpasteurised milk products can lead to milk being the cause of outbreaks of listeriosis. Therefore, there is a concern that L. monocytogenes in milk could lead to a public health risk. To protect against this risk, there is a need for awareness surrounding the issues, hygienic practices to reduce the risk and adequate sampling and analysis to verify that the risk is controlled. This review will highlight the issues surrounding L. monocytogenes in milk and milk products, including possible control measures. It will therefore create awareness about L. monocytogenes, contributing to protection of public health

Ethik First - extracurriculäre Unterstützung für Studierende und junge Ärzt*innen bei moralischen Dilemmata im Klinikalltag

Introduction: Moral value conflicts play an increasingly central role in everyday hospital life. Clinical ethics, however, is only marginally represented in the compulsory curriculum for human medicine and the additional education regulations. The aim of the Ethik First project at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel is to close this gap with an extracurricular offer and to support medical students from the fifth clinical semester onward and during their practical year as well as assistant doctors in dealing with moral dilemmas in everyday hospital life. The project has taken the concomitant learning objectives from the national competency-based learning objective catalog for medicine. According to the target group, the address in particular, showed higher taxonomy levels. Project description: The multimodal concept is based on three pillars: In monthly principle-based case conferences, participants practice ethical reflection and moral judgment primarily on the basis of concrete cases introduced by them using the methods of problem-based learning and consideration-based deliberation. If participants do not bring forth a case, they discuss ethical aspects of current political relevance. Moreover, there is an annual public speaker event.Results: Since the project began in 2017, ~20 students and interns have taken part in Ethik First one or more times. In a web-based interim evaluation (N=13), all respondents fully agreed that they considered the format helpful for dealing with ethical questions at the clinic. They rated the relevance for their later profession as high. There is evidence for support in moral dilemma situations.Discussion: The first evaluation results of the voluntary extracurricular offer show the acceptance of the selected format, which goes beyond pure teaching in its conception in that it addresses moral stress as well and strengthens the participants' individual resilience.Conclusion: Ethik First reinforces the role of ethical aspects in the training of (prospective) doctors and focuses on reflecting on cases they have experienced firsthand. We formulate a desideratum for appropriate advanced training concepts both in medical studies and in advanced medical training such that the training and development of comparable projects at medical faculties and at medical associations with student participation can be discussed.Einleitung: Moralische Wertekonflikte spielen im Klinikalltag immer wieder und zunehmend eine zentrale Rolle. Klinische Ethik ist jedoch nur marginal im Pflichtcurriculum für Humanmedizin und den Weiterbildungsordnungen vertreten. Ziel des Projektes Ethik First am Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel ist es daher, diese Lücke mit einem extracurricularen Angebot zu schließen und Medizinstudierende ab dem 5. klinischen Semester sowie im Praktischen Jahr und Assistenzärzt*innen im Umgang mit moralischen Dilemmata im Klinikalltag zu unterstützen. Die damit einhergehenden Lernziele sind dem Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalog Medizin entnommen und adressieren der Zielgruppe entsprechend insbesondere höhere Taxonomiestufen. Projektbeschreibung: Das multimodale Konzept beruht auf drei Säulen: Vorrangig werden in monatlich stattfindenden prinzipienorientierten Fallkonferenzen ethische Reflexion und moralisches Urteilen anhand konkreter von den Teilnehmer*innen eingebrachter Fälle nach den Methoden des problembasierten Lernens und der erwägungsorientierten Deliberation eingeübt. Wird durch die Teilnehmer*innen kein Fall eingebracht, werden alternativ ethische Aspekte von aktueller tagespolitischer Relevanz gemeinsam diskutiert. Ergänzend findet jährlich eine öffentliche Veranstaltung eines*einer Referenten*in statt.Ergebnisse: Seit Beginn des Angebots im Jahr 2017 nahmen circa 20 Studierende und Assistenzärzt*innen ein- oder mehrmals an Ethik First teil. In einer webbasierten Zwischenevaluation (N=13) stimmten alle Befragten voll zu, dass sie das Format für hilfreich halten, um ethische Fragestellungen aus der Klinik zu bearbeiten. Die Relevanz für den späteren Beruf wurde hoch eingeschätzt. Es ergeben sich Anhalte für eine Unterstützung bei moralischen Dilemmasituationen.Diskussion: Erste Evaluationsergebnisse des freiwilligen extracurricularen Angebotes zeigen die Akzeptanz des gewählten Formates, das in seiner Konzeption über reine Lehre hinaus geht, indem auch moralischer Stress adressiert wird und die individuelle Resilienz der Teilnehmer*innen gestärkt werden soll.Schlussfolgerung: Ethik First stärkt die Rolle ethischer Aspekte in der Ausbildung von (angehenden) Ärzt*innen und stellt die Reflexion selbst erlebter Fälle in den Mittelpunkt. Wir formulieren ein Desiderat an entsprechenden Fort- und Weiterbildungskonzepten sowohl im Medizinstudium als auch in der ärztlichen Weiterbildung, sodass Aus- und Aufbau vergleichbarer Angebote an medizinischen Fakultäten und auch an den Ärztekammern mit studentischer Beteiligung diskutiert werden sollten