Interview with Igor Luksic, candidate for UN Secretary General: “Young people must be integrated into decision-making processes”

The United Nations will select a new Secretary General this year to take over from Ban Ki-moon, whose term ends on 31 December. In the leadup to the appointment, we will be featuring interviews with some of the candidates for the role. In the first of these discussions, EUROPP editor Tena Prelec speaks to Igor Luksic, the candidate from Montenegro, on his plans for the UN and what his experience in domestic politics would allow him to bring to the position

Technology as deregulation

We present suggestive evidence that new technology has reduced business regulation globally over the 2005-2019 period, in the areas of paying corporate taxes and starting a business. Lower-income countries and countries in the French civil law tradition have deregulated the most

An evaluation of emerging vaccines for childhood meningococcal disease

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of disease worldwide, with frequent epidemics particularly affecting an area of sub-Saharan Africa known as the “meningitis belt”. <it>Neisseria meningitidis</it> group A (MenA) is responsible for major epidemics in Africa. Recently W-135 has emerged as an important pathogen. Currently, the strategy for control of such outbreaks is emergency use of meningococcal (MC) polysaccharide vaccines, but these have a limited ability to induce herd immunity and elicit an adequate immune response in infant and young children. In recent times initiatives have been taken to introduce meningococcal conjugate vaccine in these African countries. Currently there are two different types of MC conjugate vaccines at late stages of development covering serogroup A and W-135: a multivalent MC conjugate vaccine against serogroup A,C,Y and W-135; and a monovalent conjugate vaccine against serogroup A. We aimed to perform a structured assessment of these emerging meningococcal vaccines as a means of reducing global meningococal disease burden among children under 5 years of age.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used a modified CHNRI methodology for setting priorities in health research investments. This was done in two stages. In the first stage we systematically reviewed the literature related to emerging MC vaccines relevant to 12 criteria of interest. In Stage II, we conducted an expert opinion exercise by inviting 20 experts (leading basic scientists, international public health researchers, international policy makers and representatives of pharmaceutical companies). They answered questions from CHNRI framework and their “collective optimism” towards each criterion was documented on a scale from 0 to 100%.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For MenA conjugate vaccine the experts showed very high level of optimism (~ 90% or more) for 7 out of the 12 criteria. The experts felt that the likelihood of efficacy on meningitis was very high (~ 90%). Deliverability, acceptability to health workers, end users and the effect on equity were all seen as highly likely (~ 90%). In terms of the maximum potential impact on meningitis disease burden, the median potential effectiveness of the vaccines in reduction of overall meningitis mortality was estimated to be 20%; (interquartile range 20-40% and min. 8%, max 50 %). For the multivalent meningococcal vaccines the experts had similar optimism for most of the 12 CHNRI criteria with slightly lower optimism in answerability and low development cost criteria. The main concern was expressed over the cost of product, its affordability and cost of implementation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>With increasing recognition of the burden of meningococcal meningitis, especially during epidemics in Africa, it is vitally important that strategies are taken to reduce the morbidity and mortality attributable to this disease. Improved MC vaccines are a promising investment that could substantially contribute to reduction of child meningitis mortality world-wide.</p

Global wealth disparities drive adherence to COVID-safe pathways in head and neck cancer surgery

Peer reviewe

Slovenia Country Report

The referendum as a means of decision-making was present in various forms in the Slovene constitutional order even when Slovenia was still a part of communist Yugoslavia, yet neither a constitutional nor a legislative referendum were ever carried out in practice (referendums were held only at the local level and in "working" and other organisations). Given this total absence of referendum practice in the legislative field and the negative experience of referendums from the past, it is clear that a referendum democracy has yet to establish itself in Slovenia

Some evidence of regulatory convergence

We find some evidence of regulatory convergence in four distinct areas of business activity over the 2005–2019 period. This convergence is most pronounced for countries in the French and German civil law tradition