Vegetation of saline habitats of Serbia with an assessment of the sustainable use and conservation

Iako su zaslanjena staništa pre svega vezana za aridne i semi-aridne oblasti, danas se zapaţaju sve veše površine zemljišta koje su pod uticajem soli, kako iz razloga sve vešeg uticaja klimatskih promena, tako i drugih antropogenih aktivnosti koje doprinose procesu sekundarne salinizacije. Kontinentalne slatine, kao tip intrazonalnih, veoma retkih i vrednih ekosistema, predstavljaju pravi izazov u prouţavanju sa ekološkog, biološkog, floristiţkog, fitocenološkog i primenljivog aspekta. Cilj ovog istraţivanja je utvrŤivanje sintaksonomske karakterizacije halofitskih biljnih zajednica, kao i floristiţke i vegetacijske raznovrsnosti slanih staništa sa ekološkom analizom primenom ekoloških indeksa flore, analizom ţivotnih formi i flornih elemenata. Posebnu vrednost prouţavanju slatina daje formiranje jedinstvene baze svih fitocenoloških snimaka, prostornih podataka iz razliţitih izvora o posebno znaţajnim halofitskim vrstama i halofitskim zajednicama, kao što su one retke, ugroţene i endemiţne, kao i na soli najotpornije „euhalofitske“ bilјke i bilјne zajednice. Metodama numeriţke klaster analize omogušeno je da se izvrši procena statusa i revizija sintaksona tipiţnih halofitskih klasa Therosalicornietea i Festuco-Puccinellietea, kao i klase Molinio-Arrhenatheretea na slabije zaslanjenim zemljištima. Set podataka koji je analiziran sadrţi ukupno 1638 fitocenoloških snimaka klasa Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea i Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. TakoŤe, znaţajan prilog prouţavanju halofitske vegetacije je i uvrššivanje halofitskih zajednica sa slatina na jugu Srbije u sistem klasifikacije. Analizom celokupne baze fitocenoloških snimaka dobijeno je 12 klastera, ekološki logiţno podeljenih na klase Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea i Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Zatim su analizirane posebno klase Therosalicornietea i Festuco-Puccinellietea, gde je dobijeno 35 klastera do nivoa zajednica. Klaster analiza je pokazala da su više sintaksonomske kategorije nisu promenile u odnosu na tradicionalnu klasifikaciju, dok postoje odreŤene izmene na niţim sintaksonomskim kategorijama...Saline habitats are primarily related to arid and semi-arid areas, but today it is noted an increasing percentage of salt affected soils in the world, caused by impact of climate change on the one hand and anthropogenic activities contributing to the secondary salinization process on the other hand. Inland saline soils, as a type of intrazonal and very rare ecosystems, represent a real challenge in research from an ecological, biological, floristic, phytocoenological and applicative aspects. The aim of this research is to determine the syntaxonomic characterization of halophytic plant communities, as well as floral and vegetational diversity of saline habitats with ecological analysis using indicator values, analysis of life forms and floral elements. The special value of studying salines gives unique database of all phytocoenological releves, spatial data from various sources on particularly important halophytic species and halophytic communities, such as rare, endangered and endemic, as well as the most resistant plants on salt "euhalophyte" and plant communities. The methods of the numerical cluster analysis enabled the assessment of the status and revisions of syntaxons of typical halophytic classes of Therosalicornietea and Festuco-Puccinellietea, as well as the Molinio-Arrhenatherete class on slighty salinized soils. The analyzed data set contains 1638 phytocenological releves of the classes Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Also, a significant contribution to the study of halophytic vegetation is also the classification of halophytic communities from southern Serbia. By analyzing the whole phytocoenological database it is made 12 clusters, logically divided into the classes Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Then, the classes of Therosalicornietea and Festuco-Puccinellietea were analyzed separetly, where 35 clusters were obtained up to the level of communities. Cluster analysis has shown that higher syntaxonomic categories have not changed much compared to traditional classification..

Modeli tretmana seksualnih prestupnika

Sexual violence is a complex social and criminological problem that attracts a lot of attention not only of scientists, but also of the general public and requires immediate reaction of the society. The worldwide applied programs of re-socialization of sexual offenders are based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, deviant fantasies control and preventive strategies and new life goals construction. The therapies aim to develop empathy with the victim, change the way of thinking and change behavior. Among the leading models successfully applied in penological treatment of sexual offenders, there are models based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, such as Relapse Prevention Model, RNR model, Self-Regulation Model and Good Lives Model.Seksualno nasilje predstavlja složen društveni i kriminološki problem koji privlači pažnju ne samo naučnika već i javnosti i zahteva neodložnu reakciju društva. Programi resocijalizacije seksualnih prestupnika, koji se primenjuju u svetu, zasnivaju se na kognitivno-bihejvioralnoj terapiji, kontroli devijantnih fantazija, izgradnji preventivnih strategija i novih životnih ciljeva. Terapije imaju za cilj razvijanje empatije sa žrtvom, promenu načina razmišljanja i promenu u ponašanju. Među vodeće modele koji se uspešno primenjuju u penološkom tretmanu seksualnih prestupnika ubrajaju se modeli koji se zasnivaju na kognitivno-bihejvioralnoj terapiji, kao što su model prevencije relapsa, RNR model, model samoregulacije i model dobrog života

Model oceny środowiskowej zrównoważonej konkurencyjnej turystyki opartej na entropii

Despite the valuable economic benefits of tourism, it must be highlighted that the tourism industry is an important source of stress for the environment with the main influence on tourist destinations. The aim of this study is to investigate the elements of environmental sustainability in tourism as key factors in the competitiveness of tourism using entropy methods. According to the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time that the entropy model applied to Environmental sustainability indicators, regarding entropy as a measure of non-uniformity among sustainability indicators of EU countries. The data of the EU were used and Environmental sustainability pillar of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index. The results show that the total entropy of the competitiveness of tourism within the environmental sustainability sub-index of the EU countries speaks in favor of the uniformity of the indicators. The study also reveals significant differences among the EU27 in the domain of the Global Climate Risk index, Baseline water stress and Forest cover loss. Furthermore, convergence has been achieved so far in the indicators Red List Index and Environmental treaty ratification. Finally, the methodological approach of this study has the potential to be extrapolated worldwide, especially in the future era of global environmental problems.ważnym źródłem stresu dla środowiska, wpływającego na wybierane destynacje turystyczne. Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie elementów zrównoważenia środowiskowego w turystyce jako kluczowych czynników konkurencyjności turystyki przy użyciu metod entropii. Według wiedzy autorów po raz pierwszy zastosowano model entropii do wskaźników zrównoważenia środowiskowego, traktując entropię jako miarę niejednorodności wskaźników zrównoważenia krajów UE. Wykorzystano dane z UE i filar zrównoważonego rozwoju środowiskowego Indeksu konkurencyjności w zakresie podróży i turystyki. Wyniki pokazują, że za jednolitością wskaźników przemawia łączna entropia konkurencyjności turystyki w ramach subindeksu zrównoważenia środowiskowego krajów UE. Badanie ujawnia również znaczne różnice między krajami UE-27 w dziedzinie globalnego wskaźnika ryzyka klimatycznego, podstawowego stresu wodnego i utraty pokrywy leśnej. Ponadto osiągnięto dotychczas zbieżność wskaźników Czerwonej Listy i ratyfikacji traktatu środowiskowego. Wreszcie, metodologiczne podłoże tego badania ma potencjał do ekstrapolacji na cały świat, zwłaszcza w erze globalnych problemów środowiskowych

Sexual Violence against Students at Faculties: An Overview of the So Far Research Results

Istraživanja seksualne viktimizacije studenata na fakultetima počela su intenzivnije da se sprovode u svetu tokom 1980-tih godina. Ona su pokazala da studenti, posebno studentkinje čine jednu od kategorija koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije različitim oblicima seksualnog nasilja tokom studiranja. U Srbiji su takva istraživanja retka, pa je ova pojava još uvek nedovoljno istražena. Ovaj rad ima za cilj pregled rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja sprovedenih u svetu i Srbiji nakon 2000. godine, a koja se odnose na rasprostranjenost i strukturu seksualnog nasilja nad studentskom populacijom na fakultetima, potom, na grupe studenata koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije seksualnim nasiljem na fakultetima, kao i na posledice koje viktimizacija seksualnim nasiljem ima po žrtve. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju velike razlike u stopi rasprostranjenosti ovog oblika viktimizacije, što je direktna posledica primene različitih metodoloških pristupa. Studenti na fakultetima su češće izloženi seksualnom uznemiravanju, neverbalnom, verbalnom i uznemiravanju putem fizičkog kontakta ili preko društvenih mreža, a ređe težim oblicima nasilja, kao što su silovanje ili pokušaj silovanja. Riziku od viktimizacije su posebno izložene osobe ženskog pola, drugačije seksualne orijentacije od heteroseksualne, na početku studija, kao i studenti i studentkinje koji konzumiraju alkohol i/ili drogu i čiji je materijalni status loš ili stalno oscilira. Seksualno nasilje ostavlja brojne posledice po žrtve, posebno psihičke, ali negativno utiče i na nastavak školovanja i akademsko postig nuće, pa je neophodno razvijanje politika i mehanizama za blagovremeno prepoznavanje viktimizacije i pružanje podrške žrtvamaResearch on sexual victimization of university students particularly intensified during the 1980s. They suggest that students, especially female students, are one of the categories that are at special risk of being victimized by various forms of sexual violence during their studies. Research on sexual violence at universities in Serbia is rare, so this phenomenon is still under- researched. This paper aims to provide an overview of the results of previous research on the prevalence and structure of sexual violence against university students, groups of students at particular risk of victimization with sexual violence at the universities and the consequences of sexual violence against students at the universities in the world and in Serbia. Previous research suggested large differences in the prevalence of this form of victimization, which is a direct consequence of the application of different methodological approaches. University students are more often exposed to sexual harassment, verbal or nonverbal, as well as to harassment through physical contact or through social media, and less often to more severe forms of violence, such as rape or attempted rape. The groups that are at particular risk from sexual victimization at the universities include women, persons of different sexual orientation than heterosexual, those at the beginning of the study, as well as students who consume alcohol and/or drugs and whose material status is poor or constantly oscillates. Sexual violence leaves numerous consequences for victims, especially psychological ones, but it also negatively affects the continuation of schooling and academic achievement, so it is necessary to develop policies and mechanisms for timely recognition of victimization and providing support to victims

Sexual Violence against Students at Faculties: An Overview of the So Far Research Results

I straživanja seksualne viktimizacije studenata na fakultetima počela su intenzivnije da se sprovode u svetu tokom 1980-tih godina. Ona su pokazala da studenti, posebno studentkinje čine jednu od kategorija koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije različitim oblicima seksualnog nasilja tokom studiranja. U Srbiji su takva istraživanja retka, pa je ova pojava još uvek nedovoljno istražena. Ovaj rad ima za cilj pregled rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja sprovedenih u svetu i Srbiji nakon 2000. godine, a koja se odnose na rasprostranjenost i strukturu seksualnog nasilja nad studentskom populacijom na fakultetima, potom, na grupe studenata koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije seksualnim nasiljem na fakultetima, kao i na posledice koje viktimizacija seksualnim nasiljem ima po žrtve. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju velike razlike u stopi rasprostranjenosti ovog oblika viktimizacije, što je direktna posledica primene različitih metodoloških pristupa. Studenti na fakultetima su češće izloženi seksualnom uznemiravanju, neverbalnom, verbalnom i uznemiravanju putem fizičkog kontakta ili preko društvenih mreža, a ređe težim oblicima nasilja, kao što su silovanje ili pokušaj silovanja. Riziku od viktimizacije su posebno izložene osobe ženskog pola, drugačije seksualne orijentacije od heteroseksualne, na početku studija, kao i studenti i studentkinje koji konzumiraju alkohol i/ili drogu i čiji je materijalni status loš ili stalno oscilira. Seksualno nasilje ostavlja brojne posledice po žrtve, posebno psihičke, ali negativno utiče i na nastavak školovanja i akademsko postig nuće, pa je neophodno razvijanje politika i mehanizama za blagovremeno prepoznavanje viktimizacije i pružanje podrške žrtvama.Research on sexual victimization of university students particularly intensified during the 1980s. They suggest that students, especially female students, are one of the categories that are at special risk of being victimized by various forms of sexual violence during their studies. Research on sexual violence at universities in Serbia is rare, so this phenomenon is still under-researched. This paper aims to provide an overview of the results of previous research on the prevalence and structure of sexual violence against university students, groups of students at particular risk of victimization with sexual violence at the universities and the consequences of sexual violence against students at the universities in the world and in Serbia. Previous research suggested large differences in the prevalence of this form of victimization, which is a direct consequence of the application of different methodological approaches. University students are more often exposed to sexual harassment, verbal or nonverbal, as well as to harassment through physical contact or through social media, and less often to more severe forms of violence, such as rape or attempted rape. The groups that are at particular risk from sexual victimization at the universities include women, persons of different sexual orientation than heterosexual, those at the beginning of the study, as well as students who consume alcohol and/or drugs and whose material status is poor or constantly oscillates. Sexual violence leaves numerous consequences for victims, especially psychological ones, but it also negatively affects the continuation of schooling and academic achievement, so it is necessary to develop policies and mechanisms for timely recognition of victimization and providing support to victim

Efektivnost radnih programa u zatvorima - primeri pojedinih programa u SAD

Punishment or a change with punishment has been an everlasting dilemma of the creators of punishing policy, especially within the prison system. Since perpetrators of serious and dangerous criminal offenses, who according to the degree of risk could not be sentenced to non-institutional penalties, usually serve a prison sentence, there is resistance to shifting the focus of punishment toward correction. Imprisonment is focused more on segregation and isolation, while it is much less invested in rehabilitation programs. The severity of an offence combined with antisocial characteristics of the convicts, increases the need for keeping order, which leaves less room for the implementation of professional training. Work engagement and training reflect the ideas that convicts should be sanctioned for the damage done and for opposing societal norms, but at the same time their future life after being released, their survival and existence by doing legal jobs, should be considered, so that they do not commit new crimes and return to prison. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and application of prison work programs in the USA. It has been shown that there is no general agreement at the conceptual level, at the level of competition in the free market of goods and services, as well as with regard to real effects such engagement of imprisoned convicts actually produces, and to what extent it influences the reduction of recidivism. However, existence and modernization of work programs in prison lead to the conclusion on their usefulness, positive economic effects, and their influence on the reduction of recidivism, despite criticism on various grounds.Kazna ili promena uz kaznu, večna je dilema kreatora politike kažnjavanja, naročito u oblasti zatvorskog sistema. Kako se na izvršenju zatvorske kazne najčešće nalaze osuđeni počinioci teških i opasnih krivičnih dela, koji prema stepenu rizika nisu mogli biti osuđeni na vaninstitucionalne kazne, postoji otpor da se težište zatvorske kazne pomeri ka korekciji. Izvršenje kazne zatvora više je okrenuto segregaciji i izolaciji, dok se u rehabilitacione programe znatno manje ulaže. Težina prestupa, u kombinaciji sa antidruštvenim karakteristikama osuđenih, povećava potrebu obezbeđivanja i očuvanja reda, što ostavlja manje prostora za sprovođenje profesionalnog osposobljavanja. Radno angažovanje i osposobljavanje u tom pravcu odraz su ideja da osuđene treba sankcionisati za počinjenu štetu i suprotstavljanju normama društva, ali da se istovremeno mora misliti i na njihov budući život po izlasku na slobodu, na opstanak i egzistenciju legalnim poslovima, kako ne bi vršili nova krivična dela i ponovo se vraćali u zatvor. Cilj rada je opis razvoja i primene radnih programa u zatvorskim uslovima u SAD. Ukazano je da ne postoji opšta saglasnost u idejnoj ravni, u ravni konkurencije na slobodnom tržištu roba i usluga, kao i u pogledu stvarnih efekata koje takvo angažovanje osuđenih u zatvoru zaista proizvodi i u kojoj meri utiče na redukovanje recidivizma. Postojanje i osavremenjivanje radnih programa u zatvorima ipak upućuje na zaključak o njihovoj svrsishodnosti, pozitivnim ekonomskim efektima i uticaju na redukciju recidivizma, uprkos kritikama po raznim osnovima

Anatomical characteristics of two Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae) taxa from Serbia and Hungary and their taxonomic implication

Anatomical characters of two morphologically similar Ornithogalum taxa, O. umbellatum and O. divergens, were investigated. An analysis of leaf and scapus cross-sections was performed on plants from ten populations from Serbia and Hungary, using light microscopy. The aim of this research was to give data about the qualitative and quantitative anatomical characteristics of these taxa, in order to evaluate their taxonomic significance and single out distinctive anatomical features, as well as to contribute to the knowledge of the genus Ornithogalum in the studied region. On the basis of the variability of anatomical characters, similar populations formed two clusters, joining the plants previously determined as O. divergens and O. umbellatum. The two taxa significantly differed for most of the quantitative leaf and scapus characters. Since only quantitative differences were recorded in this research, anatomical characters could not be solely used to separate these two taxa. However, the results of anatomical investigations are consistent with the results of previous morphological and genetic analyses; therefore anatomical parameters could be useful as additional taxonomic characters

Synecology of Cutandia maritma (L.) Barbey, a rare psammophytc species along the Montenegrin Coast (East Adriatc Coast)

Cutandia maritima is a circum-Mediterranean species that inhabits sandy dunesalong the coast line. It is fairly frequent on the western Adriatic coast but fairlyrare and possibly even non-native in the east. In Croatia, it was discovered in1990 in Crnika Bay on the island of Rab, which was considered until 2005 to bethe only site on the eastern Adriatic coast from the Gulf of Trieste in the northto Corfu in the south. In 2009, the species was briefly reported for Velika plaža(Long Beach) in Ulcinj (Montenegro) but without details about the habitattype and synecology. Te aim of this paper is thus to provide a deeper insightinto the ecology and synecology of C. maritima in the eastern Adriatic part ofthe distribution area. On Velika plaža in Ulcinj, the species was found along thewhole sea-inland gradient of sand dunes, in various types of vegetation: [1210]– annual vegetation of drift lines, [2110] – embryonic shifting dunes, [2120]– shifting dunes with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes), [2220] – dunes withEuphorbia terracina, [2130*] – fxed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation(grey dunes), and also [2190] – humid dune slacks

Distribution of alien species along sand dune plant communities zonation

Background and purpose: For a fairly long period, Velika plaža in Ulcinj, Montenegro has been considered to be one of the best-preserved sites with psammophilous vegetation along the Adriatic coast. In recent years, however, this area has been significantly transformed as a result of various human disturbances (e.g., a non-sustainable approach to touristic development, illegal dumping, sand exploitation etc.), and has become prone to alien plant invasions. We made a transect survey to assess the presence of alien species in the psammophilous communities.Materials and methods: In order to make a survey of the present state of plant life on Velika plaža, its floristic composition and zonation of plant communities, 20 transects were set perpendicular to the coast, regularly every 500 m. Quadrats (2 x 2 m) were laid contiguously in the form of a belt transect starting from the area with the first colonizing plants towards the end of the sand dune system with forest vegetation. This resulted in a matrix of 1124 plots and 196 species (15 alien and 181 native), on which multivariate analysis was performed.Results: Nine plant communities were detected, arranged in zonation from sea to inland. All of them were characterised by the presence of alien species. The least affected was the plant community dominated by Cladium mariscus, while the most affected ones were dominated by Scirpoides holoschoenus and Tripidium ravennae. Psammophilous vegetation is less affected by alien species than wetland communities. Foredunes are dominated by Xanthium orientale ssp. italicum, while Oenothera species are predominant on stable dunes.Conclusions: Sand dunes are a highly invaded ecosystem, with changed plant communities, so conservation measures should be considered.</p

Sexual violence at universities : from survey to evidence - based policy change

The paper aims to present so far results of the on going project Sexual violence at the universities in Serbia: Raising awareness and developing innovative mechanisms of victim support, implemented by Victimology Society of Serbia. The project consists of two parts: 1. Review of so far survey findings worldwide and conducting of victimisation survey in Serbia aimed at gathering data on the extent and forms of sexual violence against students as well as existing university policies and victim support; 2. Evidence-based intervention aimed at building capacity of university staff for proper response to sexual violence against students, strengthening existing policies and practices at the universities related to sexual violence, and establishing cooperation among universities and victim support services in order to secure timely support for victims. Victimisation survey was conducted online from March to May 2021 on a sample of 1597 students from four university centers in Serbia. Main findings of previous surveys conducted worldwide, as well as methodology, challenges in conducting the survey during pandemic and preliminary findings of the survey in Serbia will be presented. The focus will be on findings about prevalence, forms of violence and particularly vulnerable groups of students