Following the legacy of professors Barbara Starfield and Leiyu Shi in Brazil as health policy : the National Health Survey (PNS), led by the Brazilian National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT)

We present to the scientific community the pioneering of Brazilian National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, the Brazilian Census Bureau) in partnership with the Ministry of Health, the largest fieldwork ever conducted in a single country in the world, using the PCAT in a national household sample survey, visiting more than 100,000 households and 40% of the country’s municipalities. In Brazil, PCAT is being consolidated as an instrument to support public policy for the evaluation of primary health care. We believe that it represents a virtuous example of dialogue between scientific community and health management, following the legacy of Professors Barbara Starfield and Leiyu Shi

Evaluating the performance of primary health care services in Turkey and the use of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) : lessons from Brazil in a national random household survey

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Measuring the quality of primary care in national health surveys : lessons from Brazil

Background: South Africa started to lead the cross-culturally validation and use of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) in Africa, when Professor Bresick filled a gap, as this continent was until then the only one that had never used it in evaluation of primary health care facilities until 2015. Aim: The authors aim to demonstrate that after the consolidation of Bresick’s team to an African version of PCAT, it had been adapted to household survey in Brazil. Methods: In this letter, authors reflect on how Brazil had adapted PCAT to a national random household survey with Brazilian National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) – the Brazilian Census Bureau. Results: In the the beginning of 2019, Brazilian Ministry of Health brought back the PCAT as the official national primary health care assessment tool. Brazilian National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) included a new module (set of questions) in its National Health Survey (PNS-2019) and collected more than 100 000 households interviews in about 40% of the country’s municipalities. This module had 25 questions of the Brazilian validated version of the adult reduced PCAT. Conclusion: We believe that IBGE innovation with the Ministry of Health can encourage South Africa to establish a similar partnership with its National Institute of Statistics (Statistics South Africa) for the country to establish a baseline for future planning of primary health care, for decision-making based on scientific evidence

The Lowest Prevalence of Cholelithiasis in the Americas - An Autopsy-based Study

OBJECTIVES: This study used autopsy to evaluate the prevalence of cholelithiasis and its associated risk factors in a population of healthy, young subjects who suffered a violent or natural death. METHODS: This study is a prospective evaluation of autopsies of 446 individuals from 2011 to 2013 in Brazil. Of that sample, 330 (74%) subjects died from violent deaths and 116 (26%) died naturally. The presence of biliary calculi, previous cholecystectomy, gender, age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol use were evaluated. RESULTS: In the natural death group, 6.9% (95% CI 3.39 to 13.28) (3.08% of the male subjects and 11.76% of the female subjects) exhibited evidence of gallbladder disease. In the violent death group, only 2.12% (95% CI 0.96 to 4.43) (2.17% of the male subjects and 1.85% of the female subjects) of the subjects exhibited evidence of gallbladder disease. Age was correlated with the prevalence of gallbladder disease, but BMI was correlated with only gallbladder disease in the natural death group. CONCLUSIONS: This population has the lowest prevalence of cholelithiasis in the Americas. Dietary habits, physical activity, ethnicity, alcohol consumption and genetic factors may be responsible for this low prevalence

Bases para la Reforma de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil en 2019 : cambios estructurales después de 25 años del Programa de Salud Familiar

O ano de 2019 marcou a estruturação das bases para uma profunda reforma na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) do Brasil. Os desafios enfrentados através dessa reforma foram a falta de priorização política real da APS, o financiamento insuficiente da APS e focado na estrutura de serviços, os obstáculos ao acesso de primeiro contato, a escassez de profissionais qualificados, a necessidade de maior informatização da APS e a ausência de integração de dados clínicos, a fragilidade clínica e necessidade de ampliação do escopo profissional e a falta de informação de qualidade para tomada de decisão clínica e gerencial. Com ações direcionadas a cada um desses desafios, a Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde do Ministério da Saúde criou estratégias sistêmicas e integradas entre si que representam mudanças estruturantes e investimentos em governança clínica para transformar a APS brasileira, garantindo mais e melhor saúde para a população, com mecanismos transparentes e técnicos para seu financiamento, organização, oferta, monitoramento e avaliação.The year was 2019. It marked the foundations for a profound Primary Health Care (PHC) Reform in Brazil. The challenges faced through this were the lack of real PHC political prioritization, insufficient PHC funding and focused on the service structure, obstacles to first contact access, the shortage of qualified professionals, the need for greater PHC computerization and the lack of integration of clinical data. Also, the clinical fragility and the need to expand the professional scope and the lack of quality information for clinical and managerial decision making. Actions were directed to each of these challenges, and the Ministry of Health’s Secretariat of Primary Health Care created systemic and integrated strategies which represented structural changes and investments in clinical governance to transform Brazilian PHC, ensuring more and better health for the population, with transparent and technical mechanisms for its financing, organization, provision, monitoring and evaluation.El año era 2019. Marcó la estructuración de las bases para una reforma profunda en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en Brasil. Los desafíos enfrentados a través de esta reforma fueron la falta de una priorización política real de APS, fondos insuficientes de APS y centrados en la estructura del servicio, obstáculos para el acceso de primer contacto, la escasez de profesionales calificados, la necesidad de una mayor informatización de APS y la falta de integración de datos clínicos, la fragilidad clínica y la necesidad de ampliar el alcance profesional y la falta de información de calidad para la toma de decisiones clínicas y gerenciales. Con acciones dirigidas a cada uno de estos desafíos, la Secretaría de Atención Primaria de Salud del Ministerio de Salud creó estrategias sistémicas e integradas que representan cambios estructurales e inversiones en la gobernanza clínica para transformar la APS brasileña, garantizando más y mejor salud para la población, con mecanismos transparentes y técnicos para su financiación, organización, provisión, seguimiento y evaluación

PNAD COVID-19 : a powerful new tool for Public Health Surveillance in Brazil

O Ministério da Saúde declarou em 03 de fevereiro de 2020 estado de emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional em decorrência da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Com isso, o IBGE adiou a realização do Censo Demográfico de 2020 e passou a formular uma PNAD COVID-19. O inquérito contou com uma amostra total de 349 mil pessoas em cerca de 200 mil domicílios. Do total da população-residente brasileira, o IBGE estimou em maio/2020 que 24,0 milhões (11,4%) tiveram pelo menos um dos sintomas de síndrome gripal (SG). Desse contingente, 20,2 milhões (84,3% do total dos sintomáticos) não procuraram unidade de saúde. As inovações trazidas para a vigilância em saúde e o pioneirismo do IBGE demonstram ser possível, em um país continental e que vem experimentando diversas epidemias locais em momentos diferentes em seu território, que outros países também desenvolvam inquéritos domiciliares semelhantes, com coleta de dados semanal (referida às semanas epidemiológicas) por telefone de forma inovadora e tempestiva. A PNAD COVID-19 trouxe ainda uma nova tecnologia para o Instituto, resgatando o papel de avaliador externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).On February 3, 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Health declared a state of emergency in public health of national relevance due to the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As a result, IBGE postponed the 2020 Demographic Census and started to formulate a COVID-19 PNAD. The survey included a total sample of 349 thousand people in about 200 thousand households. Of the total Brazilian resident population, the IBGE estimated in May/2020 that 24.0 million (11.4%) had at least one of the flu-like syndrome symptoms. Of this contingent, 20.2 million (84.3% of all symptomatic patients) did not seek health care. The innovations brought to health surveillance and the IBGE’s pioneering spirit show that it is possible, in a continental country that has been experiencing several local epidemics at different times in its territory, that other countries also develop similar household surveys, with weekly data collection (referred to epidemiological weeks) by telephone in an innovative and timely manner. The COVID-19 PNAD also brought new technology to the Institute, reviving its role as an external evaluator of the Unified Health System (SUS)

Vivência do homem diante do adoecimento pelo câncer: implicações para o cuidado em saúde

Objective: to understand how men experience the process of becoming ill with cancer, from diagnosis to treatment. Method: a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative study, conducted with ten men undergoing cancer treatment, in a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais, between March and May 2017. Data were collected from recorded interviews, later transcribed in full and submitted to thematic analysis of the content. Results: two categories emerged: “The discovery of diagnosis, the treatment and the changes in daily life: coping and resignification’’ and; ‘‘The care offered by the health team’’. Conclusion: the experience of an oncological disease is permeated by denial, anger, anguish, sadness and fear. The man faces the possibility of death, threat to his future and has difficulty adapting to his new life. Family, friends and health professionals are important for the control and coping with the disease.Objetivo: compreender como o homem vivencia o processo de adoecimento do câncer, desde o diagnóstico até o tratamento. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo, realizado com dez homens em tratamento oncológico, em um município do interior de Minas Gerais, entre março e maio de 2017. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas gravadas, posteriormente transcritos na íntegra e submetidos a análise temática do conteúdo. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: ‘‘A descoberta do diagnóstico, o tratamento e as mudanças no cotidiano: enfrentamentos e ressignificações’’ e ‘‘O cuidado oferecido pela equipe de saúde’’. Conclusão: a vivência de uma doença oncológica é permeada por negação, raiva, angústia, tristeza e temor. O homem se depara com possibilidade de morte, ameaça ao seu futuro e dificuldades para se adaptar à nova vida. A família, amigos e os profissionais de saúde são importantes para o controle e o enfrentamento da doença