ANALYSIS OF VANILLIN BY TLC AND HPLC-PDA IN HERBAL MATERIAL AND TINCTURE FROM Vanilla planifolia Jacks ex. Andrews

Vanilla planifolia (Orchidiaceae) is a species that is renowned globally and represents the largest source of vanillin flavoring used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This study was carried out to analyze by TLC and HPLC-PDA vanillin in herbal drug and tincture from V. planifolia. The herbal drug was obtained with hydroalcoholic solution under reflux; and a kinetic reaction was performed by TLC. The influences of solvent and herbal drug concentration were studied through an experimental design. The solutions (herbal drug, tincture and standard – vanillin) were prepared and analyzed in HPLC coupled with DAD detector, using wavelength of 280 nm. The total extraction of vanillin was achieved after three extraction cycles, using 1.0 g of herbal material and Ethanol 50% (v/v) as solvent. The method was linear (R2> 0.99) and demonstrated repeatability (RSD < 0.90), intermediate precision (RSD < 1.09), recovery (93.12-113.74%), as well as robustness (RSD < 4.33). The total content of vanillin found was 1.82 g% and 0.21 g% for herbal drug and tincture, respectively. A simple and optimized method for sample preparation by reflux was able to provide the exhaustive extraction of vanillin and does not compromise the reliability of the HPLC-PDA method. The chromatographic procedure was validated to separate and quantify vanillin in herbal material and tincture from pods of V. planifolia

QUANTIFICATION OF THE COMPONENTS IN COMMERCIAL ESSENTIAL OIL OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS LABILL. BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – GC-FID AND GC-MS

Leaves of Eucalytus globulus Labill are characterized by the presence of essential oil, in which 1,8-cineole is the main component. The oil is used as an expectorant for symptomatic treatment of mild inflammation of the respiratory tract and bronchitis. This work addresses the chemical quantification of the constituents of E. globulus essential oil by gas chromatography. Commercial samples were diluted and analyzes by gas chromatograph coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The chromatographic separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (LM-20, 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm film thickness) column. The proposed GC-FID method has demonstrated to have specificity and high sensitivity. The quantitation by the normalization technique demonstrated to be adequate for the analysis. Thus, the proposed method is effective for the quantification of E. globulus oil constituents, which may help in the quality control of commercial formulations.Leaves of Eucalytus globulus Labill are characterized by the presence of essential oil, in which 1,8-cineole is the main component. The oil is used as an expectorant for symptomatic treatment of mild inflammation of the respiratory tract and bronchitis. This work addresses the chemical quantification of the constituents of E. globulus essential oil by gas chromatography. Commercial samples were diluted and analyzes by gas chromatograph coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The chromatographic separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (LM-20, 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm film thickness) column. The proposed GC-FID method has demonstrated to have specificity and high sensitivity. The quantitation by the normalization technique demonstrated to be adequate for the analysis. Thus, the proposed method is effective for the quantification of E. globulus oil constituents, which may help in the quality control of commercial formulations

HYDROGELS:: PRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION

Polymers are macromolecules made up of smaller units, the monomers, offering advantages for their different physical and chemical properties; being classified according to their nature in natural (biopolymers) and synthetic. Among the polymeric biomaterials are hydrogels, which are 3D polymeric networks with the ability to absorb a large volume of water. Characteristics such as flexibility, chemical and physical versatility, response to stimuli, and resilient structure are the main advantages of hydrogels, which are classified based on their origin, crosslinking, polymerization method, biodegradability, physical properties, and ionic charge. Hydrogels are used in various fields, yet most of the research is taking place in the field of biomedical applications because of their similarity to tissue, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Based on this, this narrative type of literature review was conducted by searching articles indexed in the databases: PubMed, SciELO, Science direct, BVS, MedLine and Lilacs. As inclusion criteria, the articles should be between 2015 to 2020, freely available in the databases, with the following descriptors in the title and/or abstract: Hydrogels, Polymeric biomaterials, Obtaining, Classification and Pharmaceutical applications, those that did not have these criteria were excluded from the review. After the inclusion criteria 41 articles were used, aiming to detail the main characteristics and classifications of hydrogels that enable their use in various pharmaceutical applications. Based on the studies, the use of hydrogels in biomedical applications has been acquiring a key role, since due to their characteristics they have the ability to adapt to the needs of the desired application, although studies are still needed to improve them even more

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF PLANT SPECIES FROM BRAZILIAN CAATINGA AGAINST DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex, or Trichophyton spp. are the main etiologic agents of dermatophytosis, whose treatment is limited by the high cost of antifungal treatments, their various side effects, and the emergence of resistance amongst these species. This study evaluated the in vitro antidermatophytic activity of 23 crude extracts from nine plant species of semiarid vegetation (caatinga) found in Brazil. The extracts were tested at concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 1,000.0 mg/mL by broth microdilution assay against the reference strains T. rubrum ATCC 28189 and T. mentagrophytesATCC 11481, and 33 clinical isolates of dermatophytes. All plants showed a fungicidal effect against both fungal species, with MIC/MFC values of the active extracts ranging from 15.6 to 250.0 µg/mL. Selected extracts of Eugenia uniflora (AcE), Libidibia ferrea (AE), and Persea americana (AcE) also exhibited a fungicidal effect against all clinical isolates of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes complex. This is the first report of the antifungal activity of Schinus terebinthifolius, Piptadenia colubrina, Parapiptadenia rigida, Mimosa ophthalmocentra, and Persea americana against both dermatophyte species

In Vivo

The species Kalanchoe brasiliensis, known as “Saião,” has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihistamine activities. It also has the quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids, which exert their therapeutic activities. With extensive popular use besides the defined therapeutical properties, the study of possible side effects is indispensable. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity in vitro and in vivo from the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of K. brasiliensis. The action of the extract (concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 uL/100 uL) in normal and tumor cells was evaluated using the MTT method. Acute toxicity and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in mice with doses of 250 to 1000 mg/kg orally, following recognized protocols. The in vitro results indicated cytotoxic activity for 3T3 cell line (normal) and 786-0 (kidney carcinoma), showing the activity to be concentration-dependent, reaching 92.23% cell inhibition. In vivo, the extract showed no significant toxicity; only liver changes related to acute toxicity and some signs of liver damage, combining biochemical and histological data. In general, the extract showed low or no toxicity, introducing itself as safe for use with promising therapeutic potential

Vegetable moisturizing raw material from “Caatinga” Brazilian biome: safety and efficacy evaluations of O/W cosmetic emulsions containing Kalanchoe brasiliensis extract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of Kalanchoe brasiliensis extract, followed by the development of an oil in water emulsion containing the K. brasiliensis leaves extract and evaluating its clinical moisturizing efficacy. The formulations containing sodium acrylates/ Beheneth-25 methacrylate Crosspolymer (and) hydrogenated polydecene (and) lauryl glucoside and 0.5% of extract were prepared. The extract was considered as non-irritating through skin irritant tests. The stability testing was carried out in different conditions for 90 days. The skin hydration was measured by capacitance measurement and transepidermal water loss using biophysical techniques. The results indicate that the formulation containing 0.5% of extract increased the hydration of the stratum corneum up to 5 h after application on the forearm. The transepidermal water loss was reduced when compared to the untreated area and placebo area. Therefore, we can conclude that the increased skin hydration and protection of barrier function can be attributed to the K. brasiliensis extract. This research presents a new raw material from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and shows its possible application in the development of cosmetic products

A ética do silêncio racial no contexto urbano: políticas públicas e desigualdade social no Recife, 1900-1940

Mais de meio século após o preconceito racial ter se tornado o principal alvo dos movimentos urbanos pelos direitos civis nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul, e décadas depois do surgimento dos movimentos negros contemporâneos no Brasil, o conjunto de ferramentas legislativas criado no Brasil para promover o direito à cidade ainda adere à longa tradição brasileira de silêncio acerca da questão racial. Este artigo propõe iniciar uma exploração das raízes históricas desse fenômeno, remontando ao surgimento do silêncio sobre a questão racial na política urbana do Recife, Brasil, durante a primeira metade do século XX. O Recife foi eé um exemplo paradigmático do processo pelo qual uma cidade amplamente marcada por traços negros e africanos chegou a ser definida política e legalmente como um espaço pobre, subdesenvolvido e racialmente neutro, onde as desigualdades sociais originaram na exclusão capitalista, e não na escravidão e nas ideologias do racismo científico. Neste sentido, Recife lança luzes sobre a política urbana que se gerou sob a sombra do silêncio racial.More than half a century after racial prejudice became central to urban civil rights movements in the United States and South Africa, and decades after the emergence of Brazil’s contemporary Black movements, Brazil's internationally recognized body of rights-to-the-city legislation still adheres to the country's long historical tradition of racial silence. This article explores the historical roots of this phenomenon by focusing on the emergence of racial silence in Recife, Brazil during the first half of the 20th Century. Recife was and remains a paradigmatic example of the process through which a city marked by its Black and African roots came to be legally and politically defined as a poor, underdeveloped and racially neutral space, where social inequalities derived from capitalist exclusion rather than from slavery and scientific racism. As such, Recife'sexperience sheds light on the urban policies that were generated in the shadow of racial silence

Obtainment of tablets containing high amount of a spray-dried product from Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reissek. - Celastracea : technological development of intermediate and final products

As folhas de Maytenus ilicifolia são amplamente utilizadas na medicina tradicional brasileira no tratamento de distúrbios gástricos. Após a comprovação de sua eficácia e segurança, a referida droga vegetal tem sido objeto de diversos estudos com a finalidade de estabelecer parâmetros para o controle de qualidade. Neste sentido, foi avaliada a viabilidade do desenvolvimento de um método analítico fundamentado na precipitação de taninos empregando povidona como agente seqüestrante. Os dados revelaram que a remoção de taninos em solução é satisfatória quando empregada a povidona insolúvel. Foi observado que o polímero também é capaz de precipitar outros polifenóis além dos taninos presentes na solução extrativa de M. ilicifolia. Entretanto, as interações do polímero ocorrem preferencialmente com os derivados catéquicos. Adicionalmente foi desenvolvido e validado um método por CLAE para separação e quantificação de catequina e epicatequina em produtos derivados de M. ilicifolia. Não foram detectadas variações nas áreas dos picos ou nos tempos de retenção durante os ensaios de avaliação do método, sugerindo que as condições cromatográficas empregadas são satisfatórias. Para viabilizar a preparação de produto seco por aspersäo (PSA) em torre de secagem piloto munida de aspersor rotatório, foi necessária a concentração da solução extrativa. A operação foi realizada sob pressão reduzida até alcangar um teor de sólidos mínimo de 15 % (m/m). A operação de secagem da solução concentrada apresentou rendimento de 90 % e o PSA obtido apresentou partículas esféricas, com superfície rugosa e tamanho médio de 22,5 um. A caracterização tecnológica do material revelou que as suas propriedades tecnológicas, tais como, densidades, compressibilidade e fluxo, foram incrementadas quando comparados com o produto preparado em equipamento de bancada. Entretanto, estas modificações não foram suficientes para viabilizar sua compressão direta. Assim sendo, o material foi compactado em máquina de comprimir e em rolos para produção de grânulos. A análise do perfil compressional do PSA e dos granulados, empregando o modelo de Heckel, revelou que o aumento da força de compactação durante a operação de granulação foi o principal responsável pela diminuição no potencial de deformação plástica dos grânulos. Como conseqüência, a recompressão dos grânulos em máquina de comprimir originou compactos com dureza inferior àqueles preparados diretamente do complexo farmacêutico. Enquanto o PSA apresentou reduzida tendência ao rearranjo particular nos estágios iniciais da compressão, os grânulos sofreram intensa reacomodação decorrente da fragmentação e formação de novas pontes, assumindo comportamento plástico em pressões de compressão mais elevadas. Por fim, comprimidos contendo teor elevado de granulado de PSA foram preparados utilizando como adjuvantes a celulose microcristalina, o dióxido de silício coloidal e a croscarmelose sódica. A influência da concentração de dióxido de silício coloidal e croscarmelose sódica na formulação, sobre as respostas de dureza, friabilidade e tempo de desintegração dos comprimidos foram avaliadas através de um Desenho Composto Central. Os dados experimentais foram analisados estatisticamente, utilizando os modelos matemáticos para gerar superfícies de resposta. Os resultados indicaram que a concentração de dióxido de silício coloidal foi inversamente relacionada às respostas de dureza e friabilidade, enquanto que a concentração de croscarmelose sódica foi a principal responsável pela redução no tempo de desintegração. As condições ótimas foram selecionadas através da sobreposição dos gráficos, buscando uma formulação com menor tempo de desintegração, menor friabilidade e o máximo de dureza. A formulação eleita deve conter 1,2 % (m/m) de dióxido de silício coloidal e 5,0 % (m/m) de croscarmelose sódica. Nestas condições os comprimidos apresentaram dureza de 107,9 N, friabilidade de 0,56 % (m/m) e desintegração máxima em 6,8 min.The leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia are widely used within the traditional Brazilian medicine due to its properties against gastric disorders. Once proved its efficacy and safety, this vegetable drug has been the object of several studies to establish the basis for quality control. Taking this into consideration, it was necessary to evaluate the feasibility of developing an analytical method based on the precipitation of tannins, by using polyvinylpyrrolidone for precipitation. The data have shown that the removal of the tannins in solution was successful when insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone was used. Hereby it was observed that the polymer has also the ability to precipitate other polyphenols besides the tannins from the aqueous solution of M. ilicifolia. However, the interactions of the polymer happened mostly with the condensed tannins. Further it was developed and also validated an HPLC method to separate and quantify catechin and epicatechin present in aqueous extracts of M. ilicifolia. No significant variations of peak areas or retention times were observed when the evaluation of the method was executed, showing satisfactory chromatographic conditions. In order to make a spray dried extract (SDE) using a spray-drier fitted out with a rotary atomizer, it was necessary to concentrate the extractive solution. This operation had been performed under reduced pressure until a content of 15 % solids was achieved. The drying of the concentrated solution lead to a yield of 90 %, and the obtained SDE presented spherical particles, which have a rough surface and a mean particle size of 22,51.1.m. The technological characterization of the SDE showed that attributes such as densities (tap and bulk), compressibility and flow, have been improved when compared to the product prepared using a mini spray-drier supplied with a pneumatic nozzle. However, these modifications were not enough to enable its direct compression. Therefore, the material was compacted to produce granules after slugging or roller compaction, The compressional analysis of the SDE and each granule batch using the Heckel equation proved that the increase in the compaction force once processing the granulation was the main factor to reduce the material's ability to undergo plastic deformation. Consequently, the recompression of the granules in a tablet press led to compacts with a lower crushing strength compared to that prepared by direct compression of the pharmaceutical complex. Whereas the SDE has shown a reduced tendency to particle rearrangement at early stage of compression, the granules showed an intense fragmentation and rebound behavior, presenting a plastic behavior when higher compaction pressures were used. Finally, tablets containing a high dose of granulated spray dried extract of M. ilicifolia were prepared by using the following excipients: microcrystalline cellulose (filler/binder), colloidal silicon dioxide (glidant and moisture adsorber) and cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose (disintegrant). The influences of colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) and cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) on the tablet hardness, disintegration time and friability were evaluated by a central composite design. The data were analyzed statistically and mathematical models were used to create response surfaces. The results have indicated that the concentration of CSD shows an inverse relation to the responses of hardness and friability, while the concentration of CMC-Na was the most important factor that caused a reduction of the time necessary for total disintegration. The optimal conditions for processing were chosen by the overlapping of graphics, taking into consideration that the formulation should present a minimum of disintegration time, lower friability and a maximum of hardness. Thus, it was found that the best formulation should have a content of 1.2% (w/w) of CSD and 5.0% (w/w) of CMC-Na. Regarding these conditions, the tablets have shown a hardness of 107.9 N, friability of 0.56% (w/w) and a disintegration time of 6.8 min

Padronização de extrato aquoso e desenvolvimento de produto seco por aspersão de Phyllanthus niruri L. - Euphorbiaceae (quebra-pedra)

Constituiu objetivo deste trabalho o desenvolvimento tecnológico de formas farmacêuticas obtidas a partir de Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae), incluso no Projeto de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas metodologias analíticas capazes de avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima, das ações de transformação, dos produtos intermediários e do produto final. Estudaram-se técnicas de preparação de soluções extrativas e de produto seco por aspersão. O estudo da metodologia adaptada para quantificação de flavonóides na matéria-prima, demonstrou desvio da linearidade de resposta com o aumento da massa da amostra, limitando o seu emprego as condições fixadas neste trabalho. O teor de flavonóides totais do material vegetal foi de 0,80 g % (m/m). A solução extrativa empregada no desenvolvimento do produto seco foi selecionada através da realização do planejamento fatorial 2 3, onde foram avaliados os fatores: método de extração (decocção e infusão), relação droga solvente (2,5 e 7,5:100) e tempo de extração (5 e 15 min), utilizando como parâmetro de decisão o teor de flavonóides totais. A solução extrativa selecionada foi obtida através de decocção durante 15 minutos das partes aéreas moídas na proporção 7,5:100 (m/V). O emprego da mesma metodologia quantitativa aplicada a matéria-prima e ao produto intermediário mostrou a existência de erro sistemático proporcional com o aumento da concentração das amostras. Entretanto, alcançou-se comportamento linear, com ausência de erros sistemáticos, empregando-se amostras de menor concentração. O produto seco por aspersão foi obtido em torre de secagem, a partir da solução extrativa selecionada, adicionada de dióxido de silício coloidal a 30% do resíduo seco. Tanto a operação de secagem quanto a adição de dióxido de silício coloidal não causaram interferência nas análises qualitativas e quantitativas, obtendo-se uma taxa de recuperação, calculado como flavonóides totais, de 99%.Phyllanthus niruri L. is a medicinal plant used in Brazil mainly against genitourinary disorders. Despite of its wide use in the folk medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry no attempts were done to provide technological knowledge in order to obtain pharmaceutical dosage forms with adequate and constant quality. The governmental program on medicinal, managed by the Brazilian Drug Agency CEME, developed pharmacological, chemical and botanical studies for this plant in a feasible dosage form, the technological development spray-dried product starting from Phyllanthus niruri was the aim of this work. For such purpose quality control and production methods for the plant raw material, aqueous extracts and spray-dried product were proposed and studied. The total flavonoid assay method for the plant raw material showed a lack of linearity at extremes high and low concentration, but, however, linear at the middle values. The extractive solution was selected through a 2 3 factorial design, considering the extraction method (decoction and infusion), plant to solvent proportion (2.5 and 7.5:100 w/v) and extraction time (5 and 15 minutes). The total flavonoids content was employed as decision parameter. The chose extractive solution was obtained by 15 min decoction of a plant to solvent ratio of 7.5 :100 (w/v). The assay method was not influenced by the amount of the plant used in the extract, but by the aliquot size. The spray dried product was prepared using colloidal silicon dioxide as drying excipient. The spray drying process and the excipient did not interfere on the qualitative and quantitative profile of the product.The total flavonoid recovery was around 99 % (w/w). The final product showed a low residual humidity content, but limited stability when exposed to high moisture atmospheres