A RELAÇÃO ENTRE MEDIDAS ANTROPOMÉTRICAS, OBESIDADE E A INCIDÊNCIA DE FRATURAS DE QUADRIL: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Introduction: Hip fracture is one of the most traumatic injuries today, and obesity may be a possible risk factor. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between hip fracture and obesity in the population. Methodology: The research was carried out in September 2023, 4772 articles were found in the databases, and 20 articles were selected which make up the literature review. Results: Reports show that hip fractures are commonly related to the elderly population, resulting in high rates and may have obesity and reduced muscle mass as a risk factor in this group. Conclusion: Femoral fractures mainly affect the elderly population, being one of the probable risk factors for obesity. Furthermore, hip fracture is considered one of the most traumatic injuries today, with high rates, making it necessary to adopt public policies to change this scenario.    Introducción: La fractura de cadera es una de las lesiones más traumáticas en la actualidad, y la obesidad puede ser un posible factor de riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre fractura de cadera y obesidad en la población. Metodología: La investigación se realizó en septiembre de 2023, se encontraron 4772 artículos en las bases de datos y se seleccionaron 20 artículos que conforman la revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Los informes muestran que las fracturas de cadera están comúnmente relacionadas con la población de edad avanzada,  y pueden tener obesidad y masa muscular reducida como factor de riesgo en este grupo. Conclusión: Las fracturas de fémur afectan principalmente a la población de edad avanzada, siendo uno de los probables factores de riesgo para la obesidad. Además, la fractura de cadera es considerada una de las lesiones más traumáticas en la actualidad, por lo que es necesario adoptar políticas públicas para cambiar este escenario.    A fratura de quadril é uma das lesões mais traumáticas da atualidade, podendo ter como um possível fator de risco a obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a fratura de quadril e a obesidade na população. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada em setembro de 2023, foram encontrados 4772 artigos nas bases de dados, sendo selecionados 20 artigos os quais compõem a revisão de literatura. Resultados: Os relatos mostram que a fratura de quadril está comumente relacionada à população idosa, podendo ter como fator de risco a obesidade e a redução da massa muscular neste grupo. Conclusão: A fratura do fêmur acomete principalmente a população idosa, tendo como um dos prováveis fatores de risco a obesidade. Ademais, a fratura do quadril, é considerada uma das lesões mais traumáticas da atualidade, sendo necessário adotar políticas públicas para modificar esse cenário.  Introdução: A fratura de quadril é uma das lesões mais traumáticas da atualidade, podendo ter como um possível fator de risco a obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a fratura de quadril e a obesidade na população. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada em setembro de 2023, foram encontrados 4772 artigos nas bases de dados, sendo selecionados 20 artigos os quais compõem a revisão de literatura. Resultados: Os relatos mostram que a fratura de quadril está comumente relacionada à população idosa, podendo ter como fator de risco a obesidade e a redução da massa muscular neste grupo. Conclusão: A fratura do fêmur acomete principalmente a população idosa, tendo como um dos prováveis fatores de risco a obesidade. Ademais, a fratura do quadril, é considerada uma das lesões mais traumáticas da atualidade, sendo necessário adotar políticas públicas para modificar esse cenário.

Existe diferença morfológica entre músculos branquioméricos e somíticos submetidos ao consumo de alcool? Um estudo experimental em ratos (Rattus norvegicus)

Alcoholism is considered a physical dependence disorder. More than 18 million people are alcoholics in the USA and England and between 1/3 to ½ of them present some kind of physical disorder. In general the literature is focused on alcoholic trunk muscle disorders. These muscles have different embryological origins if compared to the masticatory muscles. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on the masticatory muscles in order to compare them with the somitic muscles. For this purpose, 15 male Wistar rats weighing around 250g were used. The rats were divided into three groups: Normal control (N), Alcoholic (A) and Isocaloric (I). Slices of the masseter muscle, temporalis muscle and rectus abdominal muscle were harvested and submitted to histochemical reactions (m-ATPase: acid and alkaline pre incubation and NADH-TR). The myofibers were classified in SO, FOG and FG. The results showed atrophy of the fast fibers (FG and FOG) in the masticatory muscles but this atrophy was not statistically significant in this study (p< 0.05). On the other hand, significant atrophy occurred in the rectus abdominal muscle (pO alcoolismo é considerado uma doença que causa desordens físicas e também dependência. Mais de 18 milhões de pessoas nos Estados Unidos são alcoólatras e na Inglaterra, entre 1/3 à ½ delas apresentam algum tipo de desordem física. No geral a literatura está focada para as desordens que acometem os músculos do tronco. Esses músculos têm origem embriológica diferente dos músculos da mastigação. O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do álcool sobre os músculos da mastigação (branquiméricos) no intuito de compará-lo com as alterações que ocorrem nos músculos do tronco (miotômicos). Para isso 15 ratos machos Wistar, pesando ao redor de 250g foram utilizados. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: Controle normal (N); Alcoolizado (A) e Isocalórico (I). Fragmentos dos músculos masseter, temporal e reto do abdome foram coletados e submetidos às reações de m-ATPase (com pré-incubações ácida e alcalina) e NADH-TR. As fibras puderam ser classificadas como FG, FOG e SO. Os resultados mostraram atrofia das fibras de contração rápida (FG e FOG) nos músculos da mastigação, embora esta atrofia, não tenha sido significante entre os grupos estudados. Por outro lado, atrofia significativa foi observada no músculo reto do abdome. Baseado nestes resultados pode-se concluir que o efeito do álcool sobre os músculos elevadores da mandíbula (m. masseter e m. temporal) é diferente se comparado aos observados em músculos somíticos (m. reto abdominal)

The reinnervation of extensor digitorius longus (EDL) of rats (Rattus norvegicus), would be influenciate by the association of adipose tissue and low power laser in tubulization technique by vein?

Lesões nervosas periféricas com alterações morfofuncionais são de grande importância clínica, porque pode prejudicar a função, comprometendo a sensibilidade e/ou a motricidade do órgão alvo. Quando o nervo é lesado, o indivíduo torna-se impossibilitado de realizar suas atividades, seja profissional ou pessoal, e a partir do acidente esta situação se agrava ainda mais, pois tem início uma trajetória de sofrimento e humilhações decorrentes do tipo de assistência que passa a receber, tendo em vista, ainda, a fragilidade emocional e o abatimento moral de que passa a ser vítima. Na tentativa de reparo de lesões graves de nervos periféricos, várias técnicas têm sido utilizada, mas algumas com prejuízos funcionais para outras área do corpo, como por exemplo, quando se usa outro nervo no enxerto. Considerando que enxertos venosos tem tido bons resultados na capacidade regenerativa das fibras nervosas, e como elas são encontradas em abundância e em locais de fácil acesso cirúrgico, pensou-se em verificar se o tecido adiposo e o laser de baixa potência alterariam os resultados da reinervação, por tubulização, em músculos de contração rápida (EDL). Para isso foi utilizado 84 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem wistar, machos, que foram divididos em 12 grupos (oito experimentais e quatro controles). Nos grupos experimentais (GE) foi utilizada tubulização de veia preenchida, ou não de tecido adiposo (GEVV e GEVG, respectivamente), com e sem tratamento de laser (GEVVL e GEVGL, respectivamente). Os grupos controles (GC) receberam os nomes de positivos (GCP) quando os animais não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e negativos (GCN) quando os animais foram submetidos à desnervação do nervo ciático. Todos os grupos tiveram os seus animais sacrificados em dois períodos, 45 e 150 dias, após o início do experimento. A certificação da recuperação foi feita por meio da análise dos músculos inervados por ele (EDL), comparando-os com os respectivos grupos controles. Técnicas de microscopia, Imunofluorescência (MyoD e miogenina), apoptose (Tunel), morfométricas e análise funcional do ciático, foram empregadas nesta investigação. Os resultados mostraram que aos 45 dias pós desnervação os dados dos grupos experimentais estavam mais próximos do grupo controle negativo, mas aos 150 dias eles estavam mais próximos aos do grupo controle positivo. Baseado nos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de tecido adiposo e do laser de baixa potência na técnica de tubulização do nervo ciático interferem na recuperação do músculo EDL desnervado.The peripheral nerves injuries with morphofunctional alterations, have great clinical importance because could prejudice the function, committing the sensibility and/or the motricity of target organ. When nerve is damage, the individual becomes disabled to realize yours activities, either professional or personal, in the post accident periods, this situation aggravates each more, therefore initiate a trajectory of suffering and distressing despite of the kind of assistance that this person receives, in view of your emotional fragility and your moral discouragement that pass to be victim. In attempt to repair severe peripheral nerves lesions, many techniques had been used, but some present functional prejudices to other area of bodies, for example when other autologous nerve graft it is used. Considering that, vein graft had demonstrated good results in regenerative nerve fibers capacity, and the vein are found in abundance in many locals of chirurgic access, it thought in verify if the adipose tissue and low power laser could alter the reinnervation results, by tubulization technique, in fast twitch muscle (EDL). For this, was used 84 rats (Rattus norvegicus) wistar, male, divided in 12 groups (eight experimental and four controls). In the experimental groups (EG) was used tubulization by vein combined / or not with adipose tissue (EGV and EGVA, receptively), with or without laser treatment (EGVL and EGVAL, respectively). The controls groups (CG) was called of positives (CGP) when the animals did not subject to transaction nerve, and negatives (CGN) when the sciatic nerve was transaction in this animals. All groups had the animals scarified in two periods, 45 and 150 days post experiments beginning. The recuperation was notified by means of muscle innervated analysis (EDL), comparing with the respective controls groups. Microscope techniques, Immunofluorescence for (MyoD and Miogenin), apoptosis by (Tunel assay), morphometrics and sciatic functional analysis, were employed in this investigation. The results showed that in the 45 days post-dennervation, the data of experimental groups was nearest of negative control group (transaction sciatic nerve), but in the 150 days they was nearest to the positive control group. Based on this, could be conclude that the use of adipose tissue and low power laser used in the tubulization technique by vein in the sciatic nerve interfere in the recuperation of EDL muscle dennervated

In vivo and in vitro treatment with n-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine in dystrophic mice

Orientador: Elaine MinatelTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Devido ao fato dos camundongos mdx, modelo experimental da distrofia muscular de Duchenne, apresentarem peroxidação lipídica da membrana causada pelo aumento da produção espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) no período que antecede o início da degeneração das fibras musculares, sugere-se que o estresse oxidativo pode ser um dos mecanismos primários da degeneração muscular distrófica, ao invés de ser um efeito secundário deste processo. Camundongos mdx tratados com o antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (NAC) apresentaram diminuição da degeneração muscular. De acordo com a literatura a associação de NAC com Deferoxamina (DFX) produz resultado mais efetivo contra o estresse oxidativo do que a administração de NAC isoladamente. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de verificar, através de análises morfológica, celular e bioquímica, se o tratamento in vivo e in vitro com a associação de NAC e DFX diminui a produção das EROs. Para os estudos in vivo foram utilizados camundongos C57BL/10 (grupo controle) e camundongos mdx, com 14 dias de vida pós-natal. Os camundongos mdx e C57BL/10 foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: tratados com salina, tratados com NAC+DFX, tratados com DFX e tratados com NAC (150 mg/kg) por 14 dias. Todos os animais foram submetidos à análise de medida de força. Os músculos Esternomastóideo (STN), Diafragma (DIA) e Tibial Anterior (TA) foram retirados e submetidos às técnicas histológicas (HE, azul de Evans e reação de DHE), Western Blotting (TNF-?, NF-?B, MyoD, MAFbx e 4-HNE). Plasma sanguíneo foram utilizadas para determinação de creatina quinase (CK) e de citocinas inflamatórias. Nos experimentos in vitro foram utilizados os músculos do membro pélvico de camundongos C57BL/10 e mdx com 14 dias de vida. As culturas de células musculares foram utilizadas para análises de viabilidade celular (Trypan blue, MTT e vermelho neutro), análise de cálcio e Western Blotting após serem tratadas ou não com NAC e DFX. O tratamento com NAC, DFX e NAC+DFX apresentou efeito benéficos sobre as fibras musculares distróficas, tanto nos experimentos in vivo quanto in vitro, reduzindo a degeneração muscular, a inflamação exacerbada, a peroxidação lipídica e a produção de EROs. Tanto o tratamento isolado dos medicamentos quanto a associação apresentou potencial efeito, entretanto em alguns experimentos a associação mostrou-se mais eficaz contra os danos provocados pela distrofiaAbstract: Due the fact of mdx mice, an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, presenting the lipid peroxidation of membrane caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the period that preced the onset of muscle fibers degeneration, it is suggested that stress oxidative may be one of the primary mechanisms of dystrophic muscle degeneration, rather than a side effect of this process. Mdx mice treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed a decrease in muscle degeneration. According to the literature the association of NAC with Deferoxamine (DFX) produces more effective results against oxidative stress than NAC alone. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify, through morphological analysis, cellular and biochemistry, if the in vivo and in vitro treatment with the combination of NAC and DFX decreases the ROS production. For in vivo studies were used C57BL/10 mice (control group) and mdx mice, with 14 days postnatal. The mdx and C57BL/10 mice were divided into 4 experimental groups: treated with saline, treated with NAC + DFX, treated with DFX and treated with NAC (150 mg/kg) for 14 days. All animals were subjected to strength measurement analysis. The Sternomastoid (STN), Diaphragm (DIA) and Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were removed and submitted to histological techniques (HE, Evans blue dye and DHE reaction), Western Blotting (TNF-?, NF-kB, MyoD, MAFbx and 4-HNE). Blood plasma was used for determination of Creatine kinase (CK) and inflammatory cytokines. In the in vitro experiments, the muscles of the pelvic limb of C57BL/10 and mdx mice with 14 days postnatal were used. The muscles culture cells were used for cell viability analysis (Trypan blue, MTT and Neutral red), calcium analysis and Western blotting after being treated or not with NAC and DFX. Treatment with NAC , DFX and NAC + DFX showed benefic effect on dystrophic muscle fibers, both in vivo and in vitro experiments, reducing muscle degeneration, exacerbated inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and ROS production. Either the isolated or the combination treatment of medication showed a potential effect, however in some experiments the combination was more effective against the damage caused by the diseaseDoutoradoAnatomiaDoutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutura

Low-level Laser Therapy (lllt) In Dystrophin-deficient Muscle Cells: Effects On Regeneration Capacity, Inflammation Response And Oxidative Stress.

The present study evaluated low-level laser therapy (LLLT) effects on some physiological pathways that may lead to muscle damage or regeneration capacity in dystrophin-deficient muscle cells of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Primary cultures of mdx skeletal muscle cells were irradiated only one time with laser and analyzed after 24 and 48 hours. The LLLT parameter used was 830 nm wavelengths at 5 J/cm² fluence. The following groups were set up: Ctrl (untreated C57BL/10 primary muscle cells), mdx (untreated mdx primary muscle cells), mdx LA 24 (mdx primary muscle cells - LLLT irradiated and analyzed after 24 h), and mdx LA 48 (mdx primary muscle cells - LLLT irradiated and analyzed after 48 h). The mdx LA 24 and mdx LA 48 groups showed significant increase in cell proliferation, higher diameter in muscle cells and decreased MyoD levels compared to the mdx group. The mdx LA 48 group showed significant increase in Myosin Heavy Chain levels compared to the untreated mdx and mdx LA 24 groups. The mdx LA 24 and mdx LA 48 groups showed significant increase in [Ca2+]i. The mdx group showed significant increase in H2O2 production and 4-HNE levels compared to the Ctrl group and LLLT treatment reduced this increase. GSH levels and GPx, GR and SOD activities increased in the mdx group. Laser treatment reduced the GSH levels and GR and SOD activities in dystrophic muscle cells. The mdx group showed significant increase in the TNF-α and NF-κB levels, which in turn was reduced by the LLLT treatment. Together, these results suggest that the laser treatment improved regenerative capacity and decreased inflammatory response and oxidative stress in dystrophic muscle cells, indicating that LLLT could be a helpful alternative therapy to be associated with other treatment for dystrophinopathies

Reduction Of Oxidative Damage And Inflammatory Response In The Diaphragm Muscle Of Mdx Mice Using Iron Chelator Deferoxamine.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes strongly contribute to pathogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Based on evidence that excess iron may increase oxidative stress and contribute to the inflammatory response, we investigated whether deferoxamine (DFX), a potent iron chelating agent, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm (DIA) muscle of mdx mice (an experimental model of DMD). Fourteen-day-old mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of DFX at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, diluted in saline, for 14 days. C57BL/10 and control mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline only, for 14 days. Grip strength was evaluated as a functional measure, and blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment of muscle fiber degeneration. In addition, the DIA muscle was removed and processed for histopathology and Western blotting analysis. In mdx mice, DFX reduced muscle damage and loss of muscle strength. DFX treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of dystrophic inflammatory processes, as indicated by decreases in the inflammatory area and in NF-κB levels. DFX significantly decreased oxidative damage, as shown by lower levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and a reduction in dihydroethidium staining in the DIA muscle of mdx mice. The results of the present study suggest that DFX may be useful in therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dystrophic muscle pathology, possibly via mechanisms involving oxidative and inflammatory pathways

Intracellular calcium concentrations in control and dystrophic muscle cells.

<p>In (A), intracellular calcium concentrations, [Ca²⁺]i, was assessed by measurement of calcium-sensitive dye Fluo-4 (green) in the primary muscle cells from normal (Ctrl) and dystrophic primary muscle cells cultures untreated (<i>mdx</i> untreated) and LLLT treatment analyzed after 24 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 24) and 48 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 48). In (B), graph showing fluorescence intensity of [Ca²⁺]i in the primary muscle cells from Ctrl, <i>mdx</i> untreated, <i>mdx</i> LA 24 and <i>mdx</i> LA 48. All the experiments were performed in triplicate and data expressed as mean ± SD. ^a P< 0.05 versus Ctrl; ^b P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> untreated; ^c P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> LA 24.</p

Analysis of inflammation in control and dystrophic muscle cells.

<p>Immunoblot analysis of TNF-α (A) and NF-κB (B). Graphs show protein level in the muscle cells from normal (Ctrl) and dystrophic primary muscle cells untreated (<i>mdx</i> untreated) and LLLT treatment analyzed after 24 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 24) and 48 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 48). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a loading control. All the experiments were performed in triplicate, and the relative value of the band intensity was quantified and normalized by the corresponding Ctrl. ^a P< 0.05 versus Ctrl; ^b P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> untreated; ^c P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> LA 24. Error bars, SD.</p

Morphology and cell proliferation in control and dystrophic muscle cells.

<p>In (A), morphology of normal (Ctrl) and dystrophic primary muscle cultures untreated (<i>mdx</i> untreated) and LLLT treatment analyzed after 24 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 24) and 48 hours (<i>mdx</i> LA 48). Day 1 shows undifferentiated dystrophin-deficient (<i>mdx</i>) muscle cells; day 3 shows maturation process in <i>mdx</i> muscle cells and day 6 shows complete morphological maturation with organized sarcomeric structures. In (B), immunoblot analysis of dystrophin and graph showing protein level in the primary muscle cells from Ctrl, <i>mdx</i> untreated, <i>mdx</i> LA 24 and <i>mdx</i> LA 48. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a loading control. In (C), cell proliferation was assessed by measurement of MTT assay in the primary muscle cells from Ctrl, <i>mdx</i> untreated, <i>mdx</i> LA 24 and <i>mdx</i> LA 48. In (D), diameter myotubes from Ctrl, <i>mdx</i> untreated, <i>mdx</i> LA 24 and <i>mdx</i> LA 48. All the experiments were performed in triplicate, and the relative value of the band intensity was quantified and normalized by the corresponding Ctrl. ^a P< 0.05 versus Ctrl; ^b P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> untreated; ^c P< 0.05 versus <i>mdx</i> LA 24. Error bars, SD.</p