Religiosidad y asociatividad en la era postmoderna; el caso del movimiento despreciado y desechado en Santiago de Chile

Discriminated or self-marginalized sectors of our society — such as transvestites, prostitutes and rockers, among others, have been able to create their own expressions of religion, satisfying their needs and giving their own meaning to their practices. In this context, an innovative religious alternative was created 12 years ago in Santiago, Chile. The Movement of the Scorned and Rejected has succeeded in building a common premise among its followers: “imposition” is not tolerance. ¿What motivations drive this movement? ¿What differentiates this group from a religious sect? ¿How do they differ from a formally instituted church?Los sectores discriminados o automarginados de la sociedad: travesties, prostitutas, rockeros, entre otros, han logrado crear sus propias manifestaciones religiosas, satisfaciendo sus necesidades y otorgándole significado propio a sus prácticas. En este contexto se desarrolla una original propuesta religiosa generada hace ya 12 años en Santiago de Chile: El Movimiento Despreciado y Desechado, logrando acoger una premisa común entre sus partidarios, “imposición” no es tolerancia. En definitiva, ¿Qué motivaciones persigue este movimiento? ¿Qué diferencia a esta agrupación de una secta religiosa? ¿En que se diferencian de una iglesia formalmente instituida

Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as razões para descontinuar diversos anticoncepcionais orais combinados entre mulheres brasileiras iniciantes do método, residentes em áreas urbanas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com 400 ginecologistas do Brasil, registrados na Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Cada médico entrevistou 10 mulheres não grávidas, não lactantes, não em amenorreia, com idades entre 18 e 39 anos que consultavam solicitando anticoncepcional oral combinado (ACO), com um questionário no início de uso e aos 6 meses posteriores. O questionário incluiu dados sociodemográficos, tipo de ACO escolhido ou prescrito e razões para descontinuação, caso ocorresse durante o seguimento. A estratégia de seleção permitiu a inclusão de mulheres de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos, mas somente atendidas em consultórios privados ou de convênios. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 1.427 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas 3.465 entrevistas na primeira visita e 1.699 aos 6 meses posteriores. As mulheres tinham predominantemente entre 20 e 29 anos, 57,3% eram solteiras e em proporção quase igual de 45% tinham ensino médio ou superior. A maioria (60,7%) era nuligestas e dentre as que tinham usado algum método contraceptivo anteriormente, 71,8% tinham utilizado ACO. Entre os ACO mais prescritos ou escolhidos, o mais prevalente foram os monofásicos com etinilestradiol (20 µg) e no tocante ao progestágeno, o mais prevalente foi com gestodeno (36,5%), seguido por ACO com drosperinona (22,0%). Aos 6 meses, 63,5% continuavam em uso do ACO. Dentre as que descontinuaram o uso, as principais razões dadas foram: desejo de engravidar (36,5%) e efeitos colaterais (57,3%) como cefaléia (37,6%), aumento de peso (16,6%) e sangramento irregular (23,6%). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de continuação do uso de ACO foi baixa aos seis meses e este estudo pode contribuir para que os médicos orientem melhor suas pacientes iniciantes no uso de ACO sobre os eventos adversos esperados que são mínimos e temporários e sobre os benefícios não contraceptivos dos ACO.PURPOSE: Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation when it occurred during follow-up. The strategy of selection allowed the inclusion of women from different socioeconomic strata, however, only those attended at private or insurance offices. The sample size was estimated at 1,427 women. RESULTS: A total of 3,465 interviews were conducted at the first visit and 1,699 six months later. The women were 20 to 29 years old, 57.3% were single and an equal proportion of 45.0% attended high school or college. Most (60.7%) were nulligravidas and among those who had used some contraceptive before, 71.8% had used a COC. Among the more prescribed or chosen COC the most prevalent were monophasic with ethynil estradiol (20 µg) and regarding progestin the most prevalent was with gestodene (36.5%) followed by a COC with drosperinone (22.0%). At six months 63.5% still used COC. Among those who discontinued the main reasons were wishing to become pregnant (36.5%) and side effects (57.3%) and the most prevalent were headache (37.6%), weight gain (16.6%) and irregular bleeding (23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The continuation rate of COC was low at six months and this study could contribute to a better counseling on the part of physicians of patients who initiate COC about side-events that are rare, minimal and temporary and about the benefits of COC use

Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives

Avaliar as razões para descontinuar diversos anticoncepcionais orais combinados entre mulheres brasileiras iniciantes do método, residentes em áreas urbanas. Estudo de corte transversal com 400 ginecologistas do Brasil, registrados na Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Cada médico entrevistou 10 mulheres não grávidas, não lactantes, não em amenorreia, com idades entre 18 e 39 anos que consultavam solicitando anticoncepcional oral combinado (ACO), com um questionário no início de uso e aos 6 meses posteriores. O questionário incluiu dados sociodemográficos, tipo de ACO escolhido ou prescrito e razões para descontinuação, caso ocorresse durante o seguimento. A estratégia de seleção permitiu a inclusão de mulheres de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos, mas somente atendidas em consultórios privados ou de convênios. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 1.427 mulheres. Foram obtidas 3.465 entrevistas na primeira visita e 1.699 aos 6 meses posteriores. As mulheres tinham predominantemente entre 20 e 29 anos, 57,3% eram solteiras e em proporção quase igual de 45% tinham ensino médio ou superior. A maioria (60,7%) era nuligestas e dentre as que tinham usado algum método contraceptivo anteriormente, 71,8% tinham utilizado ACO. Entre os ACO mais prescritos ou escolhidos, o mais prevalente foram os monofásicos com etinilestradiol (20 µg) e no tocante ao progestágeno, o mais prevalente foi com gestodeno (36,5%), seguido por ACO com drosperinona (22,0%). Aos 6 meses, 63,5% continuavam em uso do ACO. Dentre as que descontinuaram o uso, as principais razões dadas foram: desejo de engravidar (36,5%) e efeitos colaterais (57,3%) como cefaléia (37,6%), aumento de peso (16,6%) e sangramento irregular (23,6%). A taxa de continuação do uso de ACO foi baixa aos seis meses e este estudo pode contribuir para que os médicos orientem melhor suas pacientes iniciantes no uso de ACO sobre os eventos adversos esperados que são mínimos e temporários e sobre os benefícios não contraceptivos dos ACO336Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas.A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation when it occurred during follow-up. The strategy of selection allowed the inclusion of women from different socioeconomic strata, however, only those attended at private or insurance offices. The sample size was estimated at 1,427 women. A total of 3,465 interviews were conducted at the first visit and 1,699 six months later. The women were 20 to 29 years old, 57.3% were single and an equal proportion of 45.0% attended high school or college. Most (60.7%) were nulligravidas and among those who had used some contraceptive before, 71.8% had used a COC. Among the more prescribed or chosen COC the most prevalent were monophasic with ethynil estradiol (20 µg) and regarding progestin the most prevalent was with gestodene (36.5%) followed by a COC with drosperinone (22.0%). At six months 63.5% still used COC. Among those who discontinued the main reasons were wishing to become pregnant (36.5%) and side effects (57.3%) and the most prevalent were headache (37.6%), weight gain (16.6%) and irregular bleeding (23.6%). The continuation rate of COC was low at six months and this study could contribute to a better counseling on the part of physicians of patients who initiate COC about side-events that are rare, minimal and temporary and about the benefits of COC us

Knowledge And Attitudes Of Latin American Gynecologists Regarding Unplanned Pregnancy And Use Of Combined Oral Contraceptives.

Unintended pregnancy is a public health problem and unmet medical need worldwide. It is estimated that in the year 2012, almost 213 million pregnancies occurred, and the global pregnancy rate decreased only slightly from 2008 to 2012. It was also estimated that 85 million pregnancies (40% of all pregnancies) were unintended and that 38% ended in an unintended birth. To assess knowledge and attitudes of Latin American (LA) obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGYNs) regarding unintended pregnancies and aspects of combined oral contraceptive (COC) use. A survey was conducted during a scientific meeting about contraception in 2014, in which OBGYNs from 12 LA countries who provide attention in contraception were invited to respond to a multiple-choice questionnaire to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding unplanned pregnancy and some aspects regarding COC use. A total of 210 OBGYNs participated in the study. Their knowledge regarding COC failure was low. The participants reported they believed that their patients habitually forgot to take a pill and that their patients did not know what to do in these situations. They were aware of the benefits of COC use; however, they were less prone to prescribe COCs for the purpose of protecting against ovarian and endometrial cancer, and one-quarter of them had doubts about the association between COC use and cancer risk. The interviewed LA OBGYNs showed some flaws in terms of knowledge of COC failure rates and the non-contraceptive benefits and risks of COCs. To adequately counsel their patients regarding COC intake, OBGYNs must be updated regarding all aspects of COC use.7485-49

[associated Factors With Discontinuation Use Of Combined Oral Contraceptives].

Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas. A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation when it occurred during follow-up. The strategy of selection allowed the inclusion of women from different socioeconomic strata, however, only those attended at private or insurance offices. The sample size was estimated at 1,427 women. A total of 3,465 interviews were conducted at the first visit and 1,699 six months later. The women were 20 to 29 years old, 57.3% were single and an equal proportion of 45.0% attended high school or college. Most (60.7%) were nulligravidas and among those who had used some contraceptive before, 71.8% had used a COC. Among the more prescribed or chosen COC the most prevalent were monophasic with ethynil estradiol (20 µg) and regarding progestin the most prevalent was with gestodene (36.5%) followed by a COC with drosperinone (22.0%). At six months 63.5% still used COC. Among those who discontinued the main reasons were wishing to become pregnant (36.5%) and side effects (57.3%) and the most prevalent were headache (37.6%), weight gain (16.6%) and irregular bleeding (23.6%). The continuation rate of COC was low at six months and this study could contribute to a better counseling on the part of physicians of patients who initiate COC about side-events that are rare, minimal and temporary and about the benefits of COC use.33303-

Religión vivida y consumo religioso/espiritual: creyentes, usuarios y vida cotidiana en Santiago de Chile

El presente artículo forma parte de una investigación llevada a cabo entre los años 2018 y 2021, la cual tuvo por objetivo analizar las dinámicas de comercialización de productos religiosos y espirituales en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, centrándonos en las experiencias y necesidades cotidianas de los creyentes y usuarios que frecuentan dicho espacio. A diferencia de aquellas interpretaciones que enfatizan la búsqueda calculada de beneficio espiritual como principal motor de las decisiones en economías religiosas abiertas, este estudio analiza las dinámicas cotidianas, así como las motivaciones que llevan a los individuos a participar de transacciones de bienes y servicios de acuerdo con sus necesidades prácticas. Junto con ello, permite visibilizar sus temores, decepciones y esperanzas, así como su capacidad para reencontrarse con lo sagrado. Para tales efectos, se utilizó un diseño cualitativo, llevado a cabo a través de etnografías, entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones en tiendas dedicadas a la venta de artículos religiosos, espirituales, mágicos y esotéricos, así como en calles y pasajes donde se ofertan diversos servicios (adivinación, sanación, protección) en el centro histórico de la ciudad. Los resultados sostienen la existencia de individuos flexibles que construyen sus sistemas de creencias en relación con los desafíos y necesidades que se les presentan en su vida cotidiana, más allá de las restricciones teológicas y dogmáticas que definen las instituciones. Asimismo, permiten dar cuenta de la constitución de redes asociativas que oferentes y consumidores construyen, lo que amplifica el impacto de nuevas o novedosas experiencias religioso/espirituales a través de múltiples interacciones con sistemas de creencias híbridos.This article is part of a study carried out between 2018 and 2021, designed to analyze the dynamics of the commercialization of religious and spiritual products in the city of Santiago de Chile. The study focuses on the daily experiences and needs of the believers and users who frequent this space. In contrast to those interpretations that emphasize the calculated search for spiritual benefit as the main driver of decision-making in open religious economies, this study analyzes the day-to-day dynamics and motivations that lead individuals to engage in transactions of goods and services in accordance with their practical needs. It also sheds light on their fears, disappointments and hopes, as well as their ability to reconnect with the sacred. To this end, a qualitative design was used, based on ethnographies, in-depth interviews and observations in stores selling religious, spiritual, magical, and esoteric items, as well as on the streets and passages in the city’s historic center where a variety of services (divination, healing, protection) are offered. The results support the existence of flexible individuals who construct their belief systems in relation to the challenges and needs they face in their daily lives, beyond the theological and dogmatic restrictions defined by institutions. They also account for the constitution of associative networks built by suppliers and consumers, which amplifies the impact of new or novel religious/spiritual experiences through multiple interactions with hybrid belief systems.Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa realizada entre 2018 e 2021, a qual teve o objetivo de analisar as dinâmicas de comercialização de produtos religiosos e espirituais na cidade de Santiago do Chile, centralizando-se nas experiências e necessidades cotidianas dos crentes e usuários que frequentam esse espaço. À diferença daquelas interpretações que enfatizam a busca calculada de benefício espiritual como principal motor das decisões em economias religiosas abertas, neste estudo, são analisadas as dinâmicas, bem como as motivações que levam os indivíduos a participar de transações de bens e serviços de acordo com suas necessidades práticas. Além disso, permite visibilizar seus temores, decepções e esperanças, bem como sua capacidade para se reencontrar com o sagrado. Para esses efeitos, foi utilizado um desenho qualitativo, realizado por meio de etnografias, entrevistas em profundidade e observações em comércios dedicados à venda de artigos religiosos, espirituais, mágicos e esotéricos, bem como em ruas e passagens onde são ofertados diversos serviços (adivinhação, cura, proteção) no centro histórico da cidade. Os resultados sustentam a existência de indivíduos flexíveis que constroem seus sistemas de crenças com relação aos desafios e necessidades que são apresentados em sua vida cotidiana, mais além das restrições teológicas e dogmáticas que definem as instituições. Além disso, permitem evidenciar a constituição de redes associativas que ofertante e consumidores constroem, o que amplia o impacto de novas experiências religioso-espirituais por meio de múltiplas interações com sistemas de crenças híbridas

Uso do ácido láctico com lactoserum em sabonete líquido íntimo para higiene externa na prevenção da recorrência de vaginose bacteriana após tratamento oral com metronidazol

OBJECTIVE: To determine the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) after the use of a lactic acid plus lactoserum liquid soap starting immediately after the treatment with oral metronidazole and the quality of life of the participants. METHODS: A total of 123 women with diagnosis of BV with at least three of the following criteria: 1) homogeneous vaginal discharge without inflammation of the vagina or vulva; 2) vaginal pH ≥ 4.5; 3) positive Whiff test; and 4) clue cells in more than 20% of the epithelial cells in the vagina. A Nugent score ≥ 4 in the vaginal bacterioscopy was also used. After BV diagnosis, metronidazole 500 mg was administered orally bid during 7 days. Patients cured of BV were then instructed to use 7.5 to 10 mL of a lactic acid plus lactoserum liquid soap once-a-day for hygiene of the external genital region. Three subsequent control visits after starting the hygiene treatment (30, 60, and 90 days; ± 5 days) were scheduled. A questionnaire was applied in the form of visual analogue scale (VAS) in all the visits regarding: 1) level of comfort at the genital region; 2) malodorous external genitalia; 3) comfort in sexual intercourse; 4) satisfaction with intimate hygiene; and 5) self-esteem. RESULTS: Ninety two (74.8%) women initiated the use of a lactic acid plus lactoserum liquid soap at visit 1. At visit 2, 3, and 4 there were 84, 62 and 42 women available for evaluation, respectively. The rate of recurrence of BV was 19.0%, 24.2% and 7.1%, respectively in the three visits and vaginal candidiasis was observed in five treated women. Quality of life was evaluated in the 42 women who completed the four visits schedule and there were significant improvement in the five domains assessed. CONCLUSION: A lactic acid plus lactoserum liquid soap for external intimate hygiene may be an option for the prevention of BV recurrence after treatment and cure with oral metronidazoleOBJETIVO: Determinar a ocorrência de vaginose bacteriana (VB) após o uso de acido láctico com lactoserum em sabonete líquido iniciado imediatamente após o tratamento com metronidazol oral e qualidade de vida das participantes. MÉTODOS: Um total de 123 mulheres com dianóstico de VB com ao menos três dos seguintes critérios: 1) leucorreia vaginal homogênea sem inflamação de vagina ou vulva; 2) pH vaginal ≥ 4,5; 3) teste positivo de Whiff; e 4) clue cells em mais de 20% das células epiteliais na vagina. O escore de Nugent ≥ 4 na bacterioscopia vaginal também foi usado. Após o diagnóstico de VB, metronidazol 500 mg oral foi ministrado durante 7 dias. Pacientes curados da VB foram instruídos a usar 7,5 a 10 mL de acido láctico com lactoserum em sabonete líquido uma vez ao dia para higiene da genitália externa. Três visitas de controle foram agendadas (30, 60 e 90 dias; ± 5 dias). Um questionário foi aplicado na forma de escala visual análoga (EVA) em todas as visitas sobre: 1) nível de conforto na região genital; 2) mau odor na genitália; 3) conforto na relação sexual; 4) satisfação com higiene íntima; e 5) autoestima. RESULTADOS: Noventa e duas (74,8%) mulheres iniciaram o uso de ácido láctico com lactoserum líquido na visita 1. Na visita 2, 3 e 4 foram 84, 62 e 42 mulheres para avaliação, respectivamente. A taxa de recorrência da VB foi 19,0%, 24,2% e 7,1%, respectivamente nas três visitas e candidíase vaginal foi observada em cinco mulheres. Qualidade de vida foi avaliada em 42 mulheres que completaram as quatro visitas agendadas e houve uma melhora significativa nos cinco domínios avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de acido láctico com lactoserum em sabonete líquido para higiene externa intima pode ser uma opção para a prevenção da recorrência de VB após tratamento e cura com metronidazol oral41542

Biology of Stress and Physical Performance

Regular physical training leads to physical capacity and optimal sports performance, and although this relationship is usually linear, the athlete’s adaptation is conditioned by multiple factors: environmental, genetic and psychological. Studies have shown that between 70 and 85% of successful and unsuccessful athletes can be identified using psychological measures of personality and mood, a level higher than chance, but insufficient for the purpose of selecting athletes. The research indicates that the mood of the athletes exhibits a dose-response relationship with their adaptation to the training load; This finding has shown potential to reduce the incidence of overtraining syndrome in athletes who undergo rigorous physical training, through early detection using scales of perception of their mood and physiological measures such as the testosterone / cortisol index. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic modifications of the factors that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, therefore, the response to stress, have recently been associated with a detrimental effect on physical performance and early manifestations of the overtraining syndrome and the abandonment of training and competences

Population size influence on the efficiency of evolutionary algorithms to design water networks

[EN] The optimal sizing in water distribution networks (WDN) is of great interest because it allows the selection of alternative economical solutions that ensure design requirements at nodes (demands and pressure) and at lines (velocities). Among all the available design methodologies, this work analyzes those based on evolutionary algorithms (EAs). EAs are a combination of deterministic and random approaches, and the performance of the algorithm depends on the searching process. Each EA features specific parameters, and a proper calibration helps to reduce the randomness factor and improves the effectiveness of the search for minima. More specifically, the only common parameter to all techniques is the initial size of the random population (P). It is well known that population size should be large enough to guarantee the diversity of solutions and must grow with the number of decision variables. However, the larger the population size, the slower the convergence process. This work attempts to determine the population size that yields better solutions in less time. In order to get that, the work applies a method based on the concept of efficiency (E) of an algorithm. This efficiency relates the quality of the obtained solution with the computational effort that every EA requires to find the final design solution. This ratio E also represents an objective indicator to compare the performance of different algorithms applied to WDN optimization. The proposed methodology is applied to the pipe-sizing problem of three medium-sized benchmark networks, such as Hanoi, New York Tunnel and GoYang networks. Thus, from the currently available algorithms, this work includes evolutionary methodologies based on a Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm (PGA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Harmony Search (HS). First, the different algorithm parameters for each network are calibrated. The values used for every EA are those that have been calculated in previous works. Secondly, specific parameters remain constant and the population size is modified. After more than 500,000 simulations, the influence of the population size is statistically analyzed in the final solutions. Finally, the efficiency was analyzed for each network and algorithm. The results ensure the best possible configuration based on the quality of the solutions and the convergence speed of the algorithm, depending of the population size.Mora-Melia, D.; Martínez-Solano, FJ.; Iglesias Rey, PL.; Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, JH. (2017). Population size influence on the efficiency of evolutionary algorithms to design water networks. Procedia Engineering. 186:341-348. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.209S34134818