Repertorio inicial de nuestros orfeones y sociedades corales

Este trabajo trata de exponer cómo los Orfeones y Sociedades Corales vascos en sus orígenes llegaron a crear el repertorio adecuado, hasta entonces inexistente. La segunda mitad del siglo XIX abarca dos etapas. En la 1ª surgen pequeños orfeones, que constituyen el preámbulo de los futuros y grandes Orfeones, que nacen en la 2ª etapa, a partir de 1880. Estos acumulan partituras de compositores extranjeros. Así surge la necesidad de armonizar para orfeón las melodías populares vascas o invitar a los compositores locales a dedicarse a escribir partituras de este género.Hasieran, Euskal Orfeoiak eta Abesbatzak ordu arte ez zen errepertorio egokia sortzera iritsi ziren. Hori nola gertatu zen azaltzen saiatzen da artikulu hau. Honi dagokionez, bi aldi bereizten dira XIX. mendearen bigarren erdian. Lehenengoan, orfeoi txikiak sortu ziren, ondoren etorriko ziren Orfeoi handien aitzindari gisa. Izan ere, Orfeoi handiak bigarren aldi horretan sortu ziren, 1880tik aurrera. Horiek atzerriko musikagileen partiturak biltzen hasi ziren. Modu horretan, euskal doinu herrikoiak harmonizatzeko premia sortu zen eta tokiko musikagileek gisa horretako partiturak idazteko gonbita hartu zuten.Ce travail tente d'expliquer comment les Orphéons et les Sociétés Chorales basques à l'origine réussirent à créer le répertoire adéquat, jusqu'alors inexistant. Le seconde moitié du XIXe siècle comprend deux étapes. Dans la première apparaissent de petits orphéons, qui constituent le préambule des futurs et grands Orphéons, qui naissent aucours de la seconde étape, à partir de 1880. Ceux-ci accumulent les partitions de compositeurs étrangers. Ainsi surgit la nécessité d'harmoniser, pour les orphéons, les mélodies populaires basques ou d'inviter les compositeurs locaux à se dédier à écrire des partitions de ce genre.The purpose of this work is to expose how the Basque Choruses and Societies, in their origins, managed to create an adequate repertoire, which until then had been non-existent. The second half of the 19th century encompasses two stages. In the first there are small choruses, that constitute the preamble of future large choruses, which are born in the 2nd stage, as from 1880. Such choruses accumulate scores from foreign composers. The need therefore emerges to harmonise Basque popular melodies for choruses or to invite local composers to write more scores of this type

R/V Sarmiento de Gamboa: a New Vessel for Spanish Marine Research

Peer Reviewe

El carácter simbólico del arte en la teoría estética de Antoni Tàpies

The objective of the present text is to elucidate, by means of his publications, if Antoni Tàpies´ conception of art includes the feature of the Symbolic from the viewpoint of western aesthetic tradition, as well as the influence on this field by the reception of the oriental thought.El objetivo del presente texto es dilucidar, a partir de los textos publicados por Antoni Tàpies, si su concepción del arte acoge la característica de lo simbólico, desde la perspectiva de la tradición estética occidental, así como la incidencia en este ámbito de la recepción del pensamiento oriental

Introducción al pensamiento estético de Antoni Tàpies

Antoni Tàpies ha expresado a lo largo de medio siglo, tema a tema, un pensamiento estético que constituye un corpus coherente de ideas sobre qué sea el arte, su función social, la relación entre arte, política y vida cotidiana, el rol del artista, la educación estética, la experiencia estética a través de la forma en la obra de arte, recepción en una sociedad fragmentada en búsqueda de la totalidad, su historicidad e inmersión en la cultura y en la visión del mundo, la dialéctica entre la permanencia y el cambio y la conciliación entre modernidad y tradición, articulando así un pensamiento siempre en lucha por un proyecto de progreso en el que el arte participa al mismo nivel que la ciencia o la filosofí

Postprandial de novo lipogenesis and metabolic changes induced by a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal in lean and overweight men

BACKGROUND: Adjustments of carbohydrate intake and oxidation occur in both normal-weight and overweight individuals. Nevertheless, the contribution of carbohydrates to the accumulation of fat through either reduction of fat oxidation or stimulation of fat synthesis in obesity remains poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the postprandial metabolic changes and the fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) induced by a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal in lean and overweight young men. DESIGN: A high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal was administered to 6 lean and 7 overweight men after a 17.5-h fast. During the fasting and postprandial periods, energy expenditure (EE), macronutrient oxidation, diet-induced thermogenesis, and serum insulin, glucose, triacylglycerol, and fatty acids were measured. To determine DNL, [1-13C]sodium acetate was infused and the mass isotopomer distribution analysis method was applied. RESULTS: After intake of the high-carbohydrate meal, the overweight men had hyperinsulinemia and higher fatty acid and triacylglycerol concentrations than did the lean men. The overweight group showed a greater EE, whereas there was no significant difference in carbohydrate oxidation between the groups. Nevertheless, the overweight men had a marginally higher protein oxidation and a lower lipid oxidation than did the lean men. DNL was significantly higher before and after meal intake in the overweight men and was positively associated with fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, postprandial DNL was positively correlated with body fat mass, EE, and triacylglycerol. CONCLUSION: After a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal, overweight men had a lower fat oxidation and a higher fractional hepatic fat synthesis than did lean men

Terapias neuroprotectoras y neurorestauradoras en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Current therapies are symptomatic and, although these therapies are efficacious during the early stages of the disease, they present important side effects when they are used for a long time. The ideal therapy would be the one that would slow down or stop the progression of the disease. This can be achieved, for instance, with neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies. Among them, cell therapy and therapy with trophic factors such as glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are the most challenging and promising ones for the scientific community. Although the use of GDNF as a treatment for Parkinson s disease was proposed several years ago, it is necessary to develop alternative strategies to deliver GDNF appropriately to concrete areas of the brain. Here, the use of microspheres as the most suitable tool for the administration of this neurotrophic factor is discussed

Long-term neuroprotection and neurorestoration by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor microspheres for the treatment of parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND: Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor is a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and a promising candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the delivery issue of the protein to the brain still remains unsolved. Our aim was to investigate the effect of long-term delivery of encapsulated glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor within microspheres. METHODS: A single dose of microspheres containing 2.5 μg of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor was implanted intrastriatally in animals 2 weeks after a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. RESULTS: The amphetamine test showed a complete behavioral recovery after 16 weeks of treatment, which was maintained until the end of the study (week 30). This effect was accompanied by an increase in dopaminergic striatal terminals and neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: The main achievement was the long-term neurorestoration in parkinsonian animals induced by encapsulated glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting that microspheres may be considered as a means to deliver glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor for Parkinson's disease treatment. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society

Production of highly pure human glycosylated GDNF in a mammalian cell line

The administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases of the nervous system as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury and nerve regeneration as well as ocular diseases and drug addictions. A procedure for the purification of human recombinant glycosylated GDNF using a mammalian expression system as the source of the protein is discussed in the present paper. The neurotrophic factor was purified using cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration. A human cell line was chosen as the source of therapeutic protein, since a recombinant protein with a structure and glycosylation pattern equivalent to the native form is desirable for its prospective therapeutic utilization. The activity of the highly pure protein obtained was confirmed with a cell-based bioassay. The purified protein is suitable for its in vivo evaluation in animals and for possible subsequent clinical application

Sustained release of bioactive glycosylated glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor from biodegradable polymeric microspheres

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons, appeared as a promising candidate for treating Parkinson's disease. GDNF microencapsulation could ensure protection against degradation due to the fragile nature of the protein. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles loaded with recombinant glycosylated GDNF obtained in a mammalian cell line were prepared by TROMS, a semi-industrial technique capable of encapsulating fragile molecules maintaining their native properties. The effects of several parameters as PLGA copolymer type, PEG 400 quantity co-encapsulated with GDNF or drug loading, on the properties of the particles were investigated. Microparticles showed a mean diameter between 8 and 30 μm, compatible with their stereotaxic implantation. The drug entrapment efficiency ranged from 50.6 to 100% depending on the microsphere composition. GDNF was better encapsulated using hydrophilic polymers with high molecular weight such as RG 503H. In vitro drug release was influenced by the polymer type as well as by the amount of PEG 400 co-encapsulated with GDNF. Microparticles prepared using PLGA RG 503H released 67% of the total protein content within 40 days. Moreover, very low concentrations of poly (vinyl alcohol) were detected after microparticles washing and freeze-drying. Finally, a PC-12 bioassay demonstrated that the in vitro GDNF released was bioactive