To find or not to find a first “significant” job

In this paper we look at school-to-work transitions in Spain. We distinguish between significant and non-significant jobs and show that educational investment enhances access to a first significant job compared to a non-significant one. We also find strong differences between men and women: education attainment provides a clearer differentiating device for women than for men, whatever field of education females choose. These results are tested and confirmed by a multinomial probit model of the probability of achieving both significant and non-significant jobs and by a discrete time duration model of the probability of achieving a significant job.School-to-work transition, job search, youth labour market

Application-layer Performance Analysis of PRIME in Smart Metering Networks

This paper assesses the performance of actual PRIME v1.3.6 and PRIME v1.4 systems when used for Smart Metering applications. The analysis is performed at the application level using the DLMS/COSEM stack. Hence, it considers performance indicators that are of practical interest for distribution system operators, such as the availability and the average time needed to read the energy load profile of all the meters. To this end, two test networks with 112 smart meters have been deployed in the laboratory (to ensure the stability of the network). In one of them all the Service Nodes communicate directly with the Base Node, while there exist up to 5 switching levels in the other tested network. First, the PRIME v1.3.6 system is evaluated, stressing the significant performance gain that can be obtained by implementing some MAC layer strategies, which are compatible with the specification but not specifically defined on it. Then,the improvement offered by the PRIME v1.4 system is assessed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Short communication: Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to mirror images

The response of cultured rainbow trout to their mirrored image was investigated. Thirty fish were placed individually in two novel aquariums consecutively for 10 min each. Walls in one aquarium were covered with mirrors on all four sides, whereas the walls of the other aquarium were non-transparent black. Because all four walls were covered with mirrors, the mirrored image of the fish was reproduced multiple times such that ‘a group’ of fish was created surrounding the individual. Half of the fish started in the aquarium with the mirrors, whereas the other half started in the mirrorless aquarium. Fish swim faster in the aquarium with mirrors than in the mirrorless aquarium (2.95 vs. 2.40 cm/s; p < 0.01), indicating a positive behavioural response towards their mirrored images. Fish did not show aggressive interactions towards their mirrored images. Being confronted with ‘a group’ of fish and not just one ‘opponent’ may have inhibited aggressive behavior, or individuals may not have considered the images to be fellow individuals. Fish that swam faster in the mirrorless aquarium also did so in the aquarium with mirrors (r = 0.73; p < 0.0001), indicating a persistent behavioural coping response (boldness) in response to the two novel environments. Mirrors may be used to influence social behaviour of fish in aquaculture; further research is needed to investigate the influence of mirror placement in tanks of group housed trout on growth and behaviour

Short communication: Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to mirror images

The response of cultured rainbow trout to their mirrored image was investigated. Thirty fish were placed individually in two novel aquariums consecutively for 10 min each. Walls in one aquarium were covered with mirrors on all four sides, whereas the walls of the other aquarium were non-transparent black. Because all four walls were covered with mirrors, the mirrored image of the fish was reproduced multiple times such that ‘a group’ of fish was created surrounding the individual. Half of the fish started in the aquarium with the mirrors, whereas the other half started in the mirrorless aquarium. Fish swim faster in the aquarium with mirrors than in the mirrorless aquarium (2.95 vs. 2.40 cm/s; p &lt; 0.01), indicating a positive behavioural response towards their mirrored images. Fish did not show aggressive interactions towards their mirrored images. Being confronted with ‘a group’ of fish and not just one ‘opponent’ may have inhibited aggressive behavior, or individuals may not have considered the images to be fellow individuals. Fish that swam faster in the mirrorless aquarium also did so in the aquarium with mirrors (r = 0.73; p &lt; 0.0001), indicating a persistent behavioural coping response (boldness) in response to the two novel environments. Mirrors may be used to influence social behaviour of fish in aquaculture; further research is needed to investigate the influence of mirror placement in tanks of group housed trout on growth and behaviour

The BRIKEN Project: extensive measurements of ß-delayed neutron emitters for the astrophysical r process

An ambitious program to measure decay properties, primarily ß-delayed neutron emission probabilities and half-lives, for a significant number of nuclei near or on the path of the rapid neutron capture process, has been launched at the RIKEN Nishina Center. We give here an overview of the status of the project.Postprint (published version

Emprendimiento femenino y desempeño de las empresas en la República de Chile

Las mujeres están asumiendo en las últimas décadas un rol significativo en la creación de empresas y en el desarrollo económico gracias al cambio global en lo geopolítico y en la política económica de un importante número de países en todo el mundo. Como propietarias de pequeños negocios contribuyen al desarrollo en países emergentes, como el caso de Chile. El emprendimiento se ha postulado como una de las principales vías para que las mujeres logren mejorar su nivel económico y social superando una situación de desigualdades y discriminación difíciles de remontar. El trabajo aporta un modelo de desempeño de pequeños negocios con los principales factores que inciden en él, tomando como base modelos precedentes, así como su aplicación a la realidad del emprendimiento chileno. El estudio empírico revela como principales factores el tener una involucración previa en negocios anteriores, contar con el conocimiento y la experiencia para iniciar negocios, pertenecer a redes, la cantidad de horas dedicadas al negocio, el sector de actividad y la participación de la familia en el financiamiento del negocio. Los datos muestran un perfil de las mujeres emprendedoras chilenas con carencias en el nivel de formación, experiencia, pertenencia a redes, y cuya principal motivación para emprender es la “necesidad”, con el objetivo principal de “mejorar su calidad de vida”.Women are taking over the last decades a significant role in business creation and economic development through global change in the geopolitical and economic policy in a number of countries worldwide. As small business owners contribute to development in emerging countries such as the case of Chile. The venture has been postulated as one of the main ways for women to achieve better economic and social level overcoming a difficult situation of inequality and discrimination to overcome. This study provides a model of small business performance with the main factors that affect it, on the previous base models, and their application to the reality of the Chilean entrepreneurship. The empirical study reveals the main factors have prior involvement in past business have the knowledge and experience to start a business belonging to networks, the number of hours devoted to business, the business sector and the participation of the family in business financing. The data shows a profile of Chilean women entrepreneurs lacking in the level of training, experience, membership of networks, whose main motivation to undertake is the "need " with the main objective of "improving their quality of life"

Atazanavir-Based Therapy Is Associated with Higher Hepatitis C Viral Load in HIV Type 1-Infected Subjects with Untreated Hepatitis C

Comunicación cortaWe assessed the relationship between atazanavir (ATV)-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) and plasma hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral load in a population of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who received ART based on a protease inhibitor (PI) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) were included. Patients were stratified by ART drug [ATV/rtv, lopinavir (LPV/rtv), efavirenz (EFV), nevirapine (NVP), and other PIs], HCV genotype (1/4 and 2/3), and IL28B genotype (CC and non-CC). The Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-squared test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multivariate analysis consisted of a stepwise linear regression analysis. Six hundred and forty-nine HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were included. HCV genotype 1/4 patients who received ATV had higher HCV RNA levels [6.57 (5.9-6.8) log IU/ml] than those who received LPV [6.1 (5.5-6.5) log IU/ml], EFV [6.1 (5.6-6.4) log IU/ml], NVP [5.8 (5.5-5.9) log IU/ml], or other PIs [6.1 (5.7-6.4) log IU/ml] (p=0.014). This association held for the IL28B genotype (CC versus non-CC). The association was not found in patients carrying HCV genotypes 2/3. The linear regression model identified the IL28B genotype and ATV use as independent factors associated with HCV RNA levels. ATV-based therapy may be associated with a higher HCV RNA viral load in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients

Matter-antimatter asymmetry without departure from thermal equilibrium

We explore the possibility of baryogenesis without departure from thermal equilibrium. A possible scenario is found, though it contains strong constraints on the size of the $CPT$ violation ($CPTV$) effects and on the role of the $B$ (baryon number) nonconserving interactions which are needed for it.Comment: Revtex, 4page

Sampling Frequency Error Estimators for PRIME v1.4 systems

The performance of PRIME v1.4 systems might be severely degraded by a sampling frequency offset (SFO). This work addresses the problem of the SFO estimation by means of the pilots transmitted in the header and payload symbols. Estimators based on the best linear unbiased estimation principle are proposed and the frame error rate (FER) achieved with them is assessed both in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in a set of 174 links obtained from measurements. Results indicate that the estimator based on the header symbols suffices to achieve almost the same performance of the no SFO case. Gains are shown to be particularly important when only the highest PRIME channel is employed and uncoded DQPSK and D8PSK are used.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech