A Catalogue Of The Vascular Plants Of The Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain: A Synthesis Of Floristic And Phytosociological Surveys

A catalogue is presented of plant names in use in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain (CPD), the largest semiarid ecoregion of South America. We compiled all pubished papers we could locate with floristic and/or phytosociological data relating to the CPD and created a database of all site-based surveys, all names reported in these surveys and the basic ecological data associated with each species. We then mapped the names used in survey reports to those currently accepted in Brazil, consulting specialists to resolve taxonomic and nomenclatural issues before synthesizing the data in order to present here a list of all names in use. Thus this compilation represents the taxonomic data in use by generalist botanists on a sub continental scale. Synthesizing the previously dispersed ecological data available for the species, we explored general ecological patterns in the CPD. We also classified each survey as documenting the flora of a specific type of environment within the CPD and compared the general floristic resemblance between different environments within CPD on a biogeographical scale. Rarefaction curves and species richness estimator indices were employed in order to address the question as to whether or not the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain can be described as wellsampled. To date over 1700 species have been reported in site-based floristic and phytosociological studies in the CPD. Most surveys focused only on woody plants, ignoring the non woody component, but we show here that a large proportion of the plant biodiversity in the Caatinga is comprised of non woody plants. We estimate that 40% of the existing species were not sampled by site-based surveys. Moreover, most of the species in our database were recorded from a single site, while a few species were considered widespread. When comparing the number of widespread species in our dataset to results published for the cerrado savannas, we show that species in Caatinga seems to have a much more restricted distribution than plants in the Cerrado. 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The 2010 challenge: data availability, information needs and extraterrestrial insights

At the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 190 countries endorsed a commitment to achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels. A wide range of approaches is available to the monitoring of progress towards this objective. The strengths and weaknesses of many of these approaches are considered, with special attention being given to the proposed and existing indicators described in the other papers in this issue. Recommendations are made about the development of indicators. Most existing and proposed indicators use data collected for other purposes, which may be unrepresentative. In the short term, much remains to be done in expanding the databases and improving the statistical techniques that underpin these indicators to minimize potential biases. In the longer term, indicators based on unrepresentative data should be replaced with equivalents based on carefully designed sampling programmes. Many proposed and existing indicators do not connect clearly with human welfare and they are unlikely to engage the interest of governments, businesses and the public until they do so. The extent to which the indicators already proposed by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity are sufficient is explored by reference to the advice an imaginary scientific consultant from another planet might give. This exercise reveals that the range of taxa and biomes covered by existing indicators is incomplete compared with the knowledge we need to protect our interests. More fundamentally, our understanding of the mechanisms linking together the status of biodiversity, Earth system processes, human decisions and actions, and ecosystem services impacting human welfare is still too crude to allow us to infer reliably that actions taken to conserve biodiversity and protect ecosystem services are well chosen and effectively implemented. The involvement of social and Earth system scientists, as well as biologists, in collaborative research programmes to build and parameterize models of the Earth system to elucidate these mechanisms is a high priority

Lista das Plantas Vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil

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This article visits the history of Brazil-Sweden’s partnership in botany and the contribution of Anders Fredrik Regnell and other botanical collectors to the knowledge of Brazilian flora. The importance of the herbarium of Stockholm (S) is widely recognized for its collections of Brazilian plants, one of the largest in the world. The majority of the collections from Brazil date from the period between the second half of nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. The main collectors of Brazilian flora from that phase, whose bulk of collections are in Stockholm are Anders Regnell, Gustaf Malme, Per Dusén, Carl Lindman and many others sponsored by the Regnellian fund. The herbarium also houses substantial collections of August Glaziou, a great contributor to the knowledge of the flora of state of Goiás, and Adolf Ducke, pioneer in the taxonomy of Amazonian tree species. The cooperation between Brazil and Sweden is currently being renewed through Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and the Reflora Program, allowing repatriation of Brazilian specimens housed in Stockholm

Drying and storage of Eugenia involucrata DC. seeds Secagem e armazenamento de sementes de Eugenia involucrata DC.

The physiological quality of seeds of native species is important to produce healthy saplings and therefore guarantee the success of programs to recover disturbed vegetation. This reinforces the necessity for investigating the physiological quality of those seeds. To evaluate the effects of different drying rates on the germination, moisture content and storability of Eugenia involucrata diaspores, mature fruits collected at Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brazil had their epi- and mesocarps removed by washing and were dried at 30, 40 or 50&ordm;C until their water content was reduced from 57% (fresh diaspores) to 13% (final drying), totaling six drying levels. In a second experiment, diaspores had their moisture content reduced from 57% to 49%, at 30&ordm;C, totaling six drying levels (0h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h), and were kept for 180 days in plastic bags under cold storage. The drying rate had no effect on tolerance to desiccation by E. involucrata diaspores; water contents lower than 51% decreased both germinability and storability. Diaspores can be stored for up to 180 days as long as their water content is reduced to 53% and they are kept inside plastic bags under cold storage.<br>O uso de sementes de espécies nativas de alta qualidade é fundamental nos programas de recomposição vegetal, o que fortalece a necessidade de se investigar o potencial fisiológico das mesmas. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar os efeitos da velocidade de secagem dos diásporos de Eugenia involucrata sobre a sua germinação e vigor, bem como as relações entre teor de água e capacidade de armazenamento. Foram colhidos frutos maduros em pomar instalado em Mogi Guaçu, SP (22&ordm;15-16'S, 47&ordm;8-12'W), que tiveram seu epicarpo e mesocarpo removidos por lavagem. A seguir, os diásporos (semente + endocarpo) foram submetidos a secagem controlada a 30, 40 e 50&ordm;C, com reduções progressivas do teor de água inicial de 57% para até 13%, obtendo-se seis níveis de secagem em cada temperatura. Em um segundo experimento, a secagem foi realizada a 30&ordm;C por 0h (controle), 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h e 5h, tendo atingido, neste último período, 49% de água. Neste experimento, os diásporos foram avaliados quanto à germinação até 180 dias de armazenamento em sacos plásticos em câmara fria (8 + 2&ordm;C). A velocidade de secagem não alterou a sensibilidade dos diásporos à dessecação. A redução da umidade para valores inferiores a 51% prejudica a capacidade germinativa e o potencial de armazenamento. A redução do teor de água para 53% permite conservação dos diásporos de E. involucrata por até 180 dias, sob condições de câmara fria e em embalagens plásticas

Structural aspects of the zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae)

(Structural aspects of the zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae)). Acca sellowiana has anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules. The outer and inner integuments are double-layered except in the micropyle, where they are composed of more layers; the micropyle is zig-zag shaped. The egg apparatus lies at the micropylar pole, and the zynergids present a conspicuous filiform apparatus. The antipodal cells are present in the chalazal region, persisting before the occurrence of double fertilization. The zygote is visible 21 days after pollination; nuclear endosperm is already present. The first mitotic division of the zygote occurs at 24(th) day. The globular, cordiform and torpedo embryo stages can be seen at 30, 45 and 60 days after pollination, respectively. The mature embryo characterized by the presence of a well-developed hypocotyl-radicular axis with two fleshy and folded cotyledons was observed 120 days after pollination. Endosperm is absent in the seeds, and the embryo has spiral form, characteristic of Myrtinae. The zygotic embryology studies of A. sellowiana indicate that this species has embryological characteristics which are in agreement with those reported for Myrtaceae (Myrteae, Myrtinae), and also broaden the knowledge about the sexual reproduction of this native species, whose commercial cultivation has been growing

Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact.

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a "Green List of Species" (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species' progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species' viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species' recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard