ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DA RESPOSTA AFETIVA E DA PERCEPÇÃO SUBJETIVA DE ESFORÇO EM JOGOS REDUZIDOS EM DIFERENTES DIMENSÕES

The objective of the study was to comparatively analyze the affective response and the subjective perception of effort (SPE) of soccer players of the category sub 15 in small-sided games in large (36x27m) and small (27x18m) field. The sample consisted of 31 male subjects with a mean age of 14.7±0.24. Everybody practiced soccer training regularly for more than six months in a club of the 1st division of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The data were collected through a research where the pleasure/displeasure scale of Hardy and Rejeski and the Borg scale for SPE were used. According to the results, players have more pleasure in playing small games in the smaller field. The SPE was bigger in the large field, and it was concluded that the games in the smaller field were more pleasant and less tiring, and may be a strategy to enhance the training in this category.El objetivo del estudio fue analizar comparativamente la sensación de placer/displacer y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo (PSE) de jugadores de fútbol de la categoría sub 15 en juegos reducidos en campo grande (36x27m) y pequeño (27x18m). La muestra del estudio fue compuesta por 31 sujetos del sexo masculino con edad media de 14,7±0,24. Todos practicaban regularmente el entrenamiento en fútbol por más de seis meses en un club de la 1ª división de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de una investigación donde se utilizaron la escala de valencia afectiva de Hardy y Rejeski y la escala de Borg para PSE. Según los resultados, los jugadores tienen más placer en realizar juegos reducidos en campo pequeño. La PSE fue mayor en campo grande cuando comparada con el campo pequeño, concluyendo que los juegos en campo menor fueron más placenteros y menos agotadores, pudiendo ser una estrategia para potenciar el entrenamiento de esta categoría.O objetivo do estudo foi analisar comparativamente a resposta afetiva e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub 15 em jogos reduzidos em campo grande (36x27m) e pequeno (27x18m). A amostra foi composta por 31 sujeitos do sexo masculino com idade média de 14,7±0,24. Todos praticavam regularmente o treinamento em futebol por mais de seis meses em um clube da 1ª divisão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio de uma pesquisa onde foram utilizadas a Escala de Valência Afetiva de Hardy e Rejeski e a escala de Borg para PSE. Segundo os resultados, os jogadores têm mais prazer em realizar jogos reduzidos em campo menor. A PSE foi maior em campo grande quando comparada ao campo pequeno, concluindo-se que os jogos em campo menor foram mais prazerosos e menos cansativos, podendo ser uma estratégia para potencializar o treino desta categoria

How manipulating task constraints in small-sided and conditioned games shapes emergence of individual and collective tactical behaviours in football: A systematic review

Background: Small-Sided and Conditioned Games are characterised by modifications of field dimensions, number of players, rules of the game, manipulations used to shape the key task constraints that performers need to satisfy in practice. Evidence has already demonstrated the importance of designing practice to enhance understanding of tactical behaviours in football, but there is a lack of information about how coaches can manipulate task constraints to support tactical learning. Objective: To investigate which task constraints have been most often manipulated in studies of SSCGs; and what impact each manipulation had on emerging tactical behaviours, technical–tactical actions, and positional relationships between players. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Academic Google databases were searched for relevant reports without time limits. The criteria adopted for inclusion were: a) studies performed with football players; b) studies that included SSCGs as an evaluation method; c) studies that investigated tactical behaviours in SSCGs; and d), articles in English and Portuguese. Results: The electronic database search included 24 articles in the review. Of these, five manipulated field dimensions, six manipulated number of players involved, five manipulated field dimensions and number of players, five used different scoring targets, two altered the number of players and scoring target, and one manipulated the number of players, field dimension, and scoring target. Conclusion: Among the task constraints analyzed in this systematic review, manipulation of number of players and playing field dimensions concomitantly occurred most frequentl

How manipulating task constraints in small-sided and conditioned games shapes emergence of individual and collective tactical behaviours in football: A systematic review

Background: Small-Sided and Conditioned Games are characterised by modifications of field dimensions, number of players, rules of the game, manipulations used to shape the key task constraints that performers need to satisfy in practice. Evidence has already demonstrated the importance of designing practice to enhance understanding of tactical behaviours in football, but there is a lack of information about how coaches can manipulate task constraints to support tactical learning. Objective: To investigate which task constraints have been most often manipulated in studies of SSCGs; and what impact each manipulation had on emerging tactical behaviours, technical–tactical actions, and positional relationships between players. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Academic Google databases were searched for relevant reports without time limits. The criteria adopted for inclusion were: a) studies performed with football players; b) studies that included SSCGs as an evaluation method; c) studies that investigated tactical behaviours in SSCGs; and d), articles in English and Portuguese. Results: The electronic database search included 24 articles in the review. Of these, five manipulated field dimensions, six manipulated number of players involved, five manipulated field dimensions and number of players, five used different scoring targets, two altered the number of players and scoring target, and one manipulated the number of players, field dimension, and scoring target. Conclusion: Among the task constraints analyzed in this systematic review, manipulation of number of players and playing field dimensions concomitantly occurred most frequentl

The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics.

ABSTRACT: A global genome database of all of Earth’s species diversity could be a treasure trove of scientific discoveries. However, regardless of the major advances in genome sequencing technologies, only a tiny fraction of species have genomic information available. To contribute to a more complete planetary genomic database, scientists and institutions across the world have united under the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), which plans to sequence and assemble high-quality reference genomes for all ∼1.5 million recognized eukaryotic species through a stepwise phased approach. As the initiative transitions into Phase II, where 150,000 species are to be sequenced in just four years, worldwide participation in the project will be fundamental to success. As the European node of the EBP, the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) seeks to implement a new decentralised, accessible, equitable and inclusive model for producing high-quality reference genomes, which will inform EBP as it scales. To embark on this mission, ERGA launched a Pilot Project to establish a network across Europe to develop and test the first infrastructure of its kind for the coordinated and distributed reference genome production on 98 European eukaryotic species from sample providers across 33 European countries. Here we outline the process and challenges faced during the development of a pilot infrastructure for the production of reference genome resources, and explore the effectiveness of this approach in terms of high-quality reference genome production, considering also equity and inclusion. The outcomes and lessons learned during this pilot provide a solid foundation for ERGA while offering key learnings to other transnational and national genomic resource projects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparação ente futebol de 7 e o futebol de 11: quantidade e frequência das ações realizadas pelos goleiros

Introduction: Much research has been done on the pedagogy of soccer, evidencing the technical aspects and principles of tactics related to this sport, however, studies conducted with goalkeepers often refer only to biological or technical aspects, leaving aside technical tactical aspects that occur during the game. Objective: identify differences between the total frequency of actions of goalkeeper in Football 7-a- side (U-13) and Football 11-a- side (categories U-13, U-15, U-17 and U-20). Materials and methods 35 games were analyzed, 7 of each category. 70 goalkeepers from teams of first league in in Rio de Janeiro state participated on the study. it was developed a scouting model to account the technical actions for the defense of goalkeepers. The data obtained in the scouting were transported to a spreadsheet to facilitate the interpretation of the frequency of actions. Results: as a main result, it may be noted that the football 11-a- side (U-13 → 0,12 actions per minute; U-15 → 0,11 actions per minute; U-17 → 0,10 actions per minute; U-20 → 0,07 actions per minute) had a lower frequency of actions than the football 7-a- side (category U-13 → 0,41 actions per minute). Conclusion: we could conclude that Football 7-a- side can be considered as an effective alternative for the development of specific motor skills of goalkeepers due to a higher incidence in the number of technical actions compared to football 11-a- side.Introdução: Atualmente, muito se tem investigado sobre a pedagogia do ensino do jogo de futebol, evidenciando aspectos técnicos e princípios de táticos ligados a este esporte, entretanto os estudos realizados com os goleiros muitas vezes se referem somente a aspectos biológicos ou técnicos de jogo, deixando de lado os aspectos técnicos táticos que ocorrem durante o jogo. Objetivo: identificar diferenças entre a frequência das ações do goleiro no Futebol de 7 (categoria sub-13) e no Futebol de 11 (categorias Sub-13, Sub-15, Sub-17 e Sub-20). Materiais e métodos: Foram analisados no total 35 jogos, sendo 7 de cada categoria. Participaram do estudo 70 goleiros de equipes da primeira divisão do Rio de Janeiro. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de scouting para contabilização das ações técnicas de defesa dos goleiros. Os dados obtidos no scouting foram transportados para uma planilha para facilitar a interpretação da frequência de ações dos goleiros. Resultados: Como principal resultado, pode ser destacado que no futebol de 11 (Sub-13 → 0,12 ações/min; Sub-15 → 0,11 ações/min; Sub-17 → 0,10 ações/min; Sub-20 → 0,07 ações/min) teve uma menor frequência de ações do que o futebol de 7 (categoria Sub-13 → 0,41 ações/min). Conclusão: o Fut-7 pode ser considerado como alternativa eficaz para o desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras especifica dos goleiros, devido a uma maior incidência no número de ações quando comparado ao futebol de 11

Genes and genomic processes underpinning the social lives of ants

The > 15 000 ant species are all highly social and show great variation in colony organization, complexity and behavior. The mechanisms by which such sociality evolved, as well as those underpinning the elaboration of ant societies since their ∼140 million year old common ancestor, have long been pondered. Here, we review recent insights generated using various genomic approaches. This includes understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying caste differentiation and the diversity of social structures, studying the impact of eusociality on genomic evolutionary rates, and investigating gene expression changes associated with differences in lifespan between castes. Furthermore, functional studies involving RNAi and CRISPR have recently been successfully applied to ants, opening the door to exciting research that promises to revolutionize the understanding of the evolution and diversification of social living