Some more axiomatisability for S-acts

This paper discusses necessary and sufficient conditions on a monoid S, such that the class of C-flat left $S$-acts is axiomatisable, where C is the class of all embeddings (of right ideals into S) of right S-acts. We consider the axiomatisability of some flatness classes of S-acts, which were previously discussed by Bulman-Fleming and Gould [1] . We present here a more general procedure to axiomatise these classes. A similar type of general results have been found for S-posets by Gould and Shaheen [10]. We have found that there are some classes of S-acts which are axiomatisable by more than one method. This has not been seen before

BÉLETER FOR TRANSFERRING LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL MORAL VALUES TO YOUNG MALAY AT PONTIANAK, KALIMANTAN BARAT.

Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi yang menyampaikan setiap perasaan penuturnya. Ia bisa menyampaikan perasaan sayang, cinta, suka, benci, kecewa, bahkan marah. Sebagai penutur multibahasa, orang Indonesia cenderung memilih untuk menyampaikan rasa marahnya dalam bahasa ibu atau bahasa pertama mereka. Hal ini bisa jadi disebabkan bahwa marah adalah rasa pribadi yang umumnya ditampakkan pada lingkungan pribadi. Pada lingkungan ini, marah adalah rasa yang kompleks karena tak melulu memperlihatkan ketidaksukaan dan ketidaksetujuaan, melainkan juga kepedulian serta rasa sayang, termasuk rasa sayang ibu kepada anggota keluarganya. Marah bisa berbentuk tindakan apa saja, ada diam tanpa kata, atau sebaliknya merepet dengan seribu kata. Merepet ini bisa dalam bentuk beleter. Beleter merupakan cara marah yang lazim pada masyarakat Melayu Kalimantan Barat dan umumnya dilakukan oleh para ibu. Beleter bisa dimulai dengan banyak berbicara secara terus menerus sampai mengomel untuk menyampaikan rasa ketidaksukaan dan kekesalan terhadap sesuatu. Ibu beleter biasanya disebabkan oleh kekecewaannya terhadap anggota keluarga, khususnya anak. Anak yang kurang disiplin, kurang sigap, kurang peduli atau kurang kemauan untuk terus maju dan berkembang bisa menjadi bahan leteran. Bahan leteran yang disebabkan ketidaksamaan persepsi antara ibu dan anak menjadi media sebagai upaya dalam penyamaan dan pembentukan nilai moral. Nilai moral warisan orangtua ibu diteruskan kepada anak yang akan meneruskan kebiasaan suku dan mewariskan kembali nilai yang sama pada anaknya kelak. Pengalihan nilai budaya ini sejatinya juga dilakukan dengan bahasa yang sama sebagai wujud pemertahanan bahasa asli ditengah kegerusan bahasa ibu yang mestinya lebih dikuasai oleh anak dibandingkan bahasa gaul yang hanya bersifat sementara

Innovations in Elt Programme Development: Building Strong Foundations with Learner Autonomy

In this paper, I share some experiences about how we, at the National Institute of Education (NIE), Singapore, addressed a challenge with regard to our student teachers\u27 English language standards. This problem, identified by our Ministry of Education, was a continuing one that seemed difficult to resolve. We reanalyzed the issues and saw that a different perspective was needed. Thus, we moved away from the traditionally-oriented language proficiency courses that had been running at NIE and instead developed a language programme that placed learnerautonomy as a central pedagogical tenet. We sought to create motivated, autonomous learners who were able to appreciate and understand the complexity of the issues, develop their own understandings, and achieve the the learning goals

An Anatomy of State Failures in The Forest Management in Pakistan

Deforestation remains one of the most intractable environmental problems of today. Pakistan also faces serious problem of depletion of its forest reserves.The general perception among planners is that over population is the primary culprit behind forest degradation. Moreover, people living close to forestlands, and using it for their needs, show an imprudent behaviour towards these forests and use it in an unsustainable manner. So there is tendency among the policy makers to find ways of keeping people away from this resource, and to strengthen government’s hold over it. This is a rather simplistic conception of the issue since most of the forests in Pakistan are state owned/managed, and responsibility for the protection/conservation of these forests rests with the state, therefore, any inquiry into the causes of forest degradation in Pakistan must analyse the state’s role in it. Putting the entire burden of deforestation on ‘other factors’ shifts attention away from more important causes (namely, failure of government to manage forests), and leads to wrong policy conclusions. This study intends to focus attention on this important factor behind deforestation - the role of state in forest degradation in Pakistan.State Failures, Deforestation

Rule of Law, Legal Development and Economic Growth: Perspectives for Pakistan

Rule of Law and strong legal systems are considered a pre-condition for sustained development. Their relative weakness in the under-developed world is considered as the main obstacle to growth. Strengthening Rule of Law and legal systems has, therefore, become a standard advice from the developing community. Pakistan, too, has witnessed a surge in demand for Rule of Law in recent years. Capitalizing on this domestically garnered mandate, this paper reviews the legal obstacles to economic growth in Pakistan. It finds significant impediments for growth and market development due to legal shortcomings in the case of Pakistan.Rule of Law, Legal Development, Economic Growth, Pakistan

Myths and Realities of Long-run Development: A Look at Deeper Determinants

It has long been realised that factor accumulation and technological development are only proximate causes of economic development, and the focus has now shifted to investigating the deeper determinants of economic growth. Two such forces are highlighted in the literature: institutions and geography. However, it remains controversial as to which of these two is the more important. The institutions school assigns primal importance to institutions, whereas the geography school considers geographical factors as the primary determinant of the economic performance of countries. This paper reviews the debate surrounding these deeper determinants of economic performance. It reviews the work of these two schools of thought and their interpretation of the long-run development. The paper then examines the evidence provided by the respective schools in favour of their hypotheses. It concludes in favour of the Institutions hypothesis as the Geography school does not provide a consistent story of long-run development.Institutions, Geography, Long-run Development, Deeper Determinants of Growth

CONTEXTUALIZING LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This paper explores the prospects of success of ‘Local Economic Development’ (LED) for the less developed countries. The concept had much success in the context of the developed world. The less developed countries, however, present a scenario where power and social structures present a challenging task for LED to be effective.Local Development, Decentralization

Disease, Institutions and Underdevelopment

What explains poverty of Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia? One view holds the disease environment of these regions as the primary culprit. Others see it as a typical symptom of growth retarding institutions. We test validity of these competing assertions for a cross section of countries. Our results indicate that institutions are the prime determinant of economic performance of countries. Disease does not play a significant role in determining outcomes. On the contrary, we find support for the indirect effect of disease via institutions, as asserted by the 'institutions school'. Interestingly, the 'institutions school' contention about geography having no direct effect on income is also not validated. Our results show that being land locked can pose significant disadvantage for a country. Endowment of hydrocarbon, however, is beneficial for economic outcomes.Economic Performance, Institutions, Disease.

On Measuring the Complexity of Urban Living

This paper explores the concept of city ranking as a way to measure dynamics and complexities of urban life. These rankings have various dimensions and uses. Both the context in which these rankings are done, and their nature has changed considerably overtime. These rankings are also afflicted with many methodological and measurement problems. A review of major city rankings and related literature is carried out to suggest a framework for measuring Pakistani cities.Quality of Life, Cities, Urbanization

Disease, Institutions and Underdevelopment

What explains poverty of Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia? One view holds the disease environment of these regions as the primary culprit. Others see it as a typical symptom of growth retarding institutions. We test validity of these competing assertions for a cross section of countries. Our results indicate that institutions are the prime determinant of economic performance of countries. Disease does not play a significant role in determining outcomes. On the contrary, we find support for the indirect effect of disease via institutions, as asserted by the 'institutions school'. Interestingly, the 'institutions school' contention about geography having no direct effect on income is also not validated. Our results show that being land locked can pose significant disadvantage for a country. Endowment of hydrocarbon, however, is beneficial for economic outcomes.Economic Performance; Institutions; Disease