Neosporose bovina: estudo de fatores de risco em 60 propriedades leiteiras no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e levantamento de causas de aborto bovino com ênfase em Neospora caninum

O estudo resultou em dois artigos principais relacionados à neosporose bovina e um relato de casos de aborto micótico em bovinos. O primeiro artigo trata de fatores de risco associados à infecção por Neospora caninum em propriedades leiteiras no estado do Rio Grande do sul e o segundo refere-se a um levantamento de causas de aborto bovino com ênfase em neosporose. Um estudo transversal foi realizado para verificar a associação entre fatores de risco e soroprevalência de N. caninum em 60 propriedades leiteiras escolhidas aleatoreamente em duas regiões distintas (Ibirubá e Pelotas/São Lourenço do Sul). Um questionário relativo à transmissão de N. caninum foi aplicado nas propriedades. Coletou-se sangue de 40% dos animais de cada propriedade para realização do teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A associação entre os fatores de risco e soroprevalência foi analisada através da estimação da equação generalizada com função logística multivariada. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 1549/3872 animais. A soroprevalência geral encontrada nos animais foi de 17,8% (276/1549), sendo que 93,3% (56/60) dos rebanhos apresentavam pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Foram encontradas quatro variáveis associadas significativamente com a soroprevalência de N. caninum: número de cães (P=0,02; OR 1,17), área em hectares ((P=0.01; OR 0,90), alimentação de bezerros com “pool”de colostro (P=0,003; OR 2,07) e região (P=0,03; OR 0,65). No segundo artigo, 161 fetos bovinos abortados foram analisados em 1,5 anos. A causa de aborto foi identificada em 51,5% dos casos. Infecção por N. caninum foi observada em 23% dos fetos. Aborto bacteriano foi diagnosticado em 17,4% dos casos (28/161), seguido por infecção micótica (3,1%) e viral (3,1%). Casos de aborto causado por Aspergillus sp. em bovinos foram descritos em detalhe no terceiro artigo, onde cinco de 147 (3,4%) dos fetos analisados apresentavam lesões macroscópicas e/ou histológicas caracterizadas basicamente por placentite ou hepatite necrozante e pneumonia supurativa

Application of microbial risk assessment in Brazil: opportunities from the industry to the government

To investigate the public health risks of microbial in food, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a useful approach and a good alternative when surveillance data are sparse, and for management decisions. The goal of QMRA is assess the probability of the disease occurrence given the ingestion of a contaminated food and its consequences, and when the risk is estimated, control measures can be applied and its impact on disease assessed. Consequently, this method supports the promotion of public health by the authorities

Immunohistochemical analysis of dogs infected naturally by canine parvovirus

Noventa e seis cães com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de parvovirose canina foram necropsiados no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período de março de 2005 a novembro de 2006. Tecidos destes caninos foram analisados através de histologia e imuno-histoquímica. Aumento das placas de Peyer do intestino delgado e hiperemia da mucosa e serosa intestinal foram os achados macroscópicos mais observados. Microscopicamente, foi visualizada enterite necrótica em 77% dos cães. Em 17,7% as alterações histológicas do intestino delgado ficaram prejudicadas pela autólise, dificultando a interpretação. O teste de imuno-histoquímica em cortes de intestino delgado, linfonodo mesentérico, timo, baço, tonsila, língua e medula óssea de todos os 96 casos, foi positivo em 91,6% (88/96) dos casos. O intestino delgado demonstrou o melhor resultado, obtendo-se marcações em 77% (74/96) dos casos. A análise final do exame paramétrico de Fisher demonstrou uma fraca associação entre autólise intestinal e resultado positivo da imuno-histoquímica onde as chances de um intestino delgado autolisado histologicamente apresentar resultado positivo na imuno-histoquímica é 0,33 vezes menor (OR=0,33; 95%IC: 0,10-1,17) quando comparada a um intestino delgado não autolisado. __________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTNinety-six dogs with gross lesions suggestive of canine parvovirus infection were selected and necropsied in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, between March 2005 and November 2006. The main gross lesions were enlargement of the Peyer’s patches in the small intestine and hyperemia in the intestinal mucosa and serosa. Microscopically, the small intestine showed necrotizing enteritis in 77% (74/96) of the dogs examined. However, in 17.7% of the histological evaluation in the small intestine were damaged due to autolytic changes making it difficult to obtain an appropriate interpretation. The immunohistochemistry test was performed in tissues of small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, tongue, and bone marrow in all the 96 selected cases. Parvovirus antigen was detected in 91.6% (88/ 96) of the dogs necropsied. The best result of the IHC test was seen in samples of small intestine which was positive in 77% (74/96) of the cases. The statistical analysis (Fisher test) showed a weak association between intestinal autolysis and positive result of the IHC test. The chance of the autolysed intestine showing a positive result in the immunohistochemistry test was 0.33 less (OR=0.33, 95% CI:0.10-1.17) when compared with small intestine not autolysed

Congenital anomalies in aborted bovine fetuses in Southern Brazil

Abortos e mortes neonatais são causas importantes de perdas reprodutivas na bovinocultura. Abortos causados por anomalias congênitas são esporádicos, mas podem ocorrer de forma epidêmica. Um levantamento retrospectivo realizado no setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul incluiu 307 casos de aborto bovino submetidos de setembro de 2001 a março de 2007. Em dez casos (3,5%), foram observadas anomalias congênitas, das quais, artrogripose, Amorphus globosus e fenda palatina (palatosquise) foram as mais freqüentes. Causas infecciosas foram investigadas, mas somente infecção por BVDV foi detectada por imunoistoquímica em um aborto com porencefalia. __________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTAbortion, stillbirth and neonatal death are important causes of production losses to the livestock industry. Abortions caused by congenital anomalies may occur sporadically, or appear in epidemics. This retrospective study was conducted at Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and included 307 cases of bovine abortion submitted for diagnosis from September 2001 to March 2007. Most of them were from southern Brazil. Ten cases (3.25%) of congenital anomalies were seen. The most frequent congenital anomalies were artrogryposis, Amorphous globosus, and cleft palate (palatoschisis). Infectious causes were investigated, but only BVDV infection was detected by immunohistochemistry in one case, which was affected with porencephalia

Aborto bovino por Neospora caninum no Rio Grande do Sul Bovine abortion due to Neospora caninum in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Casos de aborto bovino submetidos ao Setor de Patologia da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 1995 e o primeiro trimestre de 1999 foram selecionados e analisados histologicamente. Um total de 30 fetos abortados foram avaliados através da coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e lesões inflamatórias não supurativas foram encontradas principalmente no cérebro e/ou coração de seis casos. Realizou-se imunoistoquímica pela técnica de streptavidina-biotina, utilizando-se anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Toxoplasma gondii nesses seis casos. Taquizoítos marcados pelo anticorpo anti-N. caninum foram visualizados em três dos seis fetos bovinos testados e não houve reação com o anticorpo anti-T. gondii. Esses resultados comprovam a existência de aborto bovino causado por N. caninum no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.Aborted bovine fetuses submitted to the Pathology Laboratory at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil between 1995 and the first trimester of 1999 were selected and examined histologically. Tissue from thirty aborted fetuses were examined after staining with Hematoxylin & Eosin and non-suppurative inflammations were observed mainly in the brain and/or heart of six cases. The avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry technique was done using antiserum against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in those six cases. Tachyzoites that reacted with N. caninum antisera were seen in three of the six fetuses with non-suppurative inflammation. There was no reaction with T. gondii antiserum. These results confirm the presence of Neospora caninum abortion in cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Odds Ratio or Prevalence Ratio? An Overview of Reported Statistical Methods and Appropriateness of Interpretations in Cross-sectional Studies with Dichotomous Outcomes in Veterinary Medicine

One of the most commonly observational study designs employed in veterinary is the cross-sectional study with binary outcomes. To measure an association with exposure, the use of prevalence ratios (PR) or odds ratios (OR) are possible. In human epidemiology, much has been discussed about the use of the OR exclusively for case–control studies and some authors reported that there is no good justification for fitting logistic regression when the prevalence of the disease is high, in which OR overestimate the PR. Nonetheless, interpretation of OR is difficult since confusing between risk and odds can lead to incorrect quantitative interpretation of data such as “the risk is X times greater,” commonly reported in studies that use OR. The aims of this study were (1) to review articles with cross-sectional designs to assess the statistical method used and the appropriateness of the interpretation of the estimated measure of association and (2) to illustrate the use of alternative statistical methods that estimate PR directly. An overview of statistical methods and its interpretation using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted and included a diverse set of peer-reviewed journals among the veterinary science field using PubMed as the search engine. From each article, the statistical method used and the appropriateness of the interpretation of the estimated measure of association were registered. Additionally, four alternative models for logistic regression that estimate directly PR were tested using our own dataset from a cross-sectional study on bovine viral diarrhea virus. The initial search strategy found 62 articles, in which 6 articles were excluded and therefore 56 studies were used for the overall analysis. The review showed that independent of the level of prevalence reported, 96% of articles employed logistic regression, thus estimating the OR. Results of the multivariate models indicated that logistic regression was the method that most overestimated the PR. The findings of this study indicate that although there are methods that directly estimate PR, many studies in veterinary science do not use these methods and misinterpret the OR estimated by the logistic regression

Aspergillus fumigatus from normal and condemned carcasses with airsacculitis in commercial poultry

Carcass inspection is important for the detection of certain diseases and for monitoring their prevalence in slaughterhouses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in commercial poultry, through mycological and histopathological diagnosis, and to verify the causal association between the aspergillosis diagnosis criteria and condemnation due to airsacculitis in broilers through a case-control study. The study was carried out with 380 samples. Lungs were collected from broilers that were condemned (95) or not condemned (285) due to airsacculitis directly from the slaughter line. Forty-six (12%) lung samples were positive for A. fumigatus in mycological culture. Among all samples, 177 (46.6%) presented histopathological alterations, with necrotic, fibrinous, heterophilic pneumonia; heterophilic pneumonia and lymphoid hyperplasia being the most frequent. Out of the 380 lungs analyzed, 65.2% (30) showed histopathological alterations and isolation of fungi. The statistical analysis (McNemar's chi-square test) indicated a significant association between the presence of histopathological lesions and the isolation of A. fumigatus. Mycological cultivation and histopathological diagnosis increase the probability of detecting pulmonary alterations in birds condemned by the Final Inspection System, which suggests that such diagnostic criteria can improve the assessment and condemnation of birds affected by airsacculitis